Abstract
目的
探讨辅助生殖人群体脂率和体骨骼肌率与抑郁的关系。
方法
采用便利抽样法选取2022年7—10月在安徽医科大学附属第一医院生殖医学中心行辅助生殖技术治疗的不孕不育患者885例, 采用患者健康问卷9项抑郁量表(patient health questionnaire-9, PHQ-9)调查患者抑郁情况, 采用生物电阻抗(bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA)原理的InBody仪测量人群体脂率以及体骨骼肌率的数据, 使用多元线性回归、广义线性模型、趋势化检验探讨体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的关联, 采用限制性立方样条分析其剂量-反应关系。
结果
辅助生殖人群的抑郁检出率为52.0%, 体脂率平均值为28.01%, 体骨骼肌率平均值为39.73%。控制混杂因素后, 体脂率与抑郁呈正相关(β=0.07, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.14), 体骨骼肌率与抑郁呈负相关(β=-0.12, 95%CI: -0.24, -0.01), 且在男性、年龄>30岁的辅助生殖人群中相关性有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。辅助生殖人群的体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁存在显著线性关联(Pnon-linear >0.05)。
结论
辅助生殖人群的体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁风险存在关联, 采取相应的运动和饮食等干预以控制体重、减少体脂肪、增加骨骼肌, 可望降低辅助生殖人群的抑郁发生率。
Keywords: 辅助生殖, 脂肪, 抑郁, 骨骼肌, 限制性立方样条
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the relationship between body fat rates and skeletal muscle rates with depression among patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments.
Methods
A total of 885 infertility patients who underwent ART treatment at the Center for Reproductive Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from July to October, 2022 were selected using the convenience sampling method. The basic information of the patients was investigated, depression was investigated using the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and human adiposity and body skeletal muscle rate data were measured using the InBody instrument with the principle of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Multiple linear regression, generalized linear model, and trend test were used to investigate the association between adiposity, skeletal muscle mass, and depression in the assisted reproduction population, as well as the dose-response relationship using restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis.
Results
The mean detection rate of depression in the ART population was 52.0%, with 55.5% in women and 45.5% in men. The average body fat rate was 28.01%, and the average body skeletal muscle rate was 39.73%. After correcting for confounders, the body fat rate was observed to be positively associated with depression (β=0.07, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.14), and the body skeletal muscle rate was negatively associated with depression (β=-0.12, 95%CI: -0.24, -0.01). Trend-based tests showed a highly significant monotonically increasing trend in depression with the increasing body fat rate and the decreasing body skeletal muscle rate. These associations were significant (P < 0.05) in the male population and in the assisted reproduction population aged >30 years. No significant non-linear associations were found between the body fat rate, the skeletal muscle rate and depression in the overall ART-treated population (Pnon-linear>0.05).
Conclusion
The patients undergoing ART have a higher rate of depression detection, and their body fat and skeletal muscle rates are associated with the risk of depression in ART patients. Interventions, such as weight control, body fat reduction, and an exercise diet that increases skeletal muscle and other body components are expected to reduce the incidence of depression in assisted reproduction.
Keywords: Assisted reproduction, Fat, Depression, Skeletal muscle, Restricted cubic spline
抑郁症是一种常见的精神疾病,世界范围内抑郁症的患病率较高[1]。不孕不育作为最有压力的生活事件之一,来自传统理念、家庭和社会的压力会给不孕不育夫妇带来不良的心理和精神影响,导致焦虑、抑郁等精神障碍的发生[2-3]。选择接受辅助生殖技术(assisted reproductive technology, ART)治疗的不孕不育症患者由于长期承受无法自然妊娠、生育的压力,并因ART存在成本高、周期长、治疗过程中反复检查以及治疗效果不确定等问题, 更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状[4-5]。有研究发现,中国辅助生殖人群中,女性抑郁的阳性检出率为49.7%,男性抑郁的阳性检出率为44.3%[6]。
目前已有大量流行病学研究支持肥胖会增加抑郁风险,其可能通过脂肪组织或肌肉组织等内分泌免疫调节,影响不良情绪的发生发展[7]。体重指数(body mass index, BMI)作为常用的以体重为基础判断肥胖的指标,忽略了脂肪和非脂肪的区分,具有相同BMI的个体可能具有不同的身体成分[8-9]。生物电阻抗分析(bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA)作为一种可有效评估身体成分的方法,已被广泛应用于流行病学和临床研究中[10-11]。体脂肪和骨骼肌作为身体成分的重要组成,其水平变化可能通过影响能量代谢、激素水平、免疫功能和氧化应激状态等多种生理过程,从而影响抑郁的发生[12]。然而,目前关于体脂肪、骨骼肌含量与抑郁关系的研究主要集中在一般人群[13],鲜有研究关注身心压力更大的辅助生殖人群。因辅助生殖人群往往面临更大的心理压力和生理负担,可能导致更高的抑郁发生率,不孕不育及其治疗过程中的生理和心理压力可能进一步影响体脂率和体骨骼肌率与抑郁之间的关联。本研究探讨辅助生殖人群的体脂肪和骨骼肌水平与抑郁之间的关联,希望能有助于全面评估体脂肪和骨骼肌在抑郁发病中的作用,为通过饮食结构和体能训练等行为干预措施改善身体组成成分,从而降低辅助生殖人群的抑郁风险提供依据。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
本研究纳入2022年7—10月期间在安徽医科大学附属第一医院生殖医学中心接受辅助生殖治疗的不孕不育患者作为研究对象,采用便利抽样的方法抽取辅助生殖人群进行横断面调查研究。纳入标准:(1)符合ART诊疗标准,并在收集资料期间均处于临床治疗周期的人工内膜准备阶段;(2)具有阅读、理解能力,能使用电子设备独立完成问卷调查;(3)能配合使用仪器检测,体内无金属(如心脏起搏器),自愿参加并签署知情同意书。
1.2. 患者基本信息
收集和分析的信息包括年龄(岁)、性别(男、女)、婚姻状况(初婚家庭、重组家庭)、受教育程度(初中、高中或中专、本科以上)、个人年收入(3万元以下、3万至10万元、10万元以上)、不孕原因(男方、女方、双方共有、不明原因)、家庭对ART的看法(支持、反对)等变量。其中,女性患者信息还包括曾经是否怀孕过(是、否),曾经是否足月生产过(是、否),以及进入临床治疗周期检测其基础性激素水平的数据,包括卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH)、雌二醇激素(estradiol hormone, E2)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)、睾酮激素(testosterone hormone, T)。
1.3. 体力活动量表
采用研究团队自行开发的体力活动问卷,测量辅助生殖人群最近一年平均每周各项体力活动的时长。量表共13个条目,包括步行、跑步(跑步机)、自行车、球类(篮球、足球、网球、乒乓球等)、游泳、健美操/高强度间歇训练(high-intensity interval training,HIIT)、广场舞/太极/瑜伽、做家务、重物搬运、负重训练(哑铃、深蹲、腿部负重)、坐下看电视/手机/平板时间(不包括电脑)、坐下工作时间、用电脑时间。该量表分别从体力活动的不同维度评估行ART夫妇的个体身体活动水平,具有良好的信效度[14]。本研究计算其代谢当量值,分为轻度、中度、重度体力活动三类。
1.4. 体脂率、体骨骼肌率
由受过培训的专业人员使用InBody 120仪器对研究对象进行测量,其基于BIA原理,可快速、无辐射地评估身体成分[15]。受试者在测量前无剧烈运动、至少空腹2 h、排空大小便的情况下,脱袜赤脚站立于仪器上,手臂与双腿不可弯曲,使皮肤与电极充分接触,测量时间为1~2 min。体脂率为全身脂肪质量/体质量,体骨骼肌率为全身骨骼肌质量/体质量。
1.5. 抑郁自评量表
使用患者健康问卷9项抑郁量表(patient health questionnaire-9,PHQ-9)测量患者的抑郁状态,该量表由美国哥伦比亚大学以《精神疾病诊断与统计手册(第4版)》[The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition), DSM-Ⅳ]中的诊断标准编写条目,评估患者过去2周内的兴趣下降、心情沮丧、睡眠障碍、精力不足、饮食障碍、自我否定、注意力难集中、烦躁不安、消极观念等情况。该问卷共包括9个条目,每个条目分别有4个选项(0,完全没有;1,有几天;2,一半以上的时间;3,每天),累计相加得分,0~4分为正常,≥5分为抑郁,得分越高则抑郁程度越重。该量表被包括中国在内的世界各地学者广泛应用,信效度良好,有较好的筛查和诊断特性[16]。
1.6. 质量控制
调查开始前,培训工作人员仪器的使用方法和注意事项等,严格控制研究对象的纳入标准,并向研究对象解释本次调查的目的及意义,征得患者知情同意后进行体成分测量并发放调查问卷,调查过程中,对问卷填写的不解之处进行及时解释和说明。仪器测量前即时校准,测量过程严格按照标准,保证正确的姿势,测量后数据由双人核对。
1.7. 统计学分析
使用SPSS 23.0和R 4.2.2软件分析数据。分类变量使用频数(百分率)表示,连续变量按分布差异使用均数±标准差或M(P25,P75)表示,分别应用卡方检验、t检验进行性别差异性分析。控制性别、年龄、教育程度、年收入、婚姻类型、不孕原因、家庭对行ART的看法、身高、体重、BMI和体力活动后,使用多元线性回归探讨辅助生殖人群体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的关系。将体脂率和体骨骼肌率进行三等分,分为Q1、Q2、Q3组(Q1组为最低三分位,作为对照组; Q2组为中间三分位;Q3组为最高三分位),使用广义线性模型分析其与抑郁的关联,进行性别、年龄分层,并在女性人群中另外控制其孕产次、基础内分泌激素水平(FSH、E2、LH、T)等变量;为增加结果稳健性,采用限制性立方样条(restricted cubic splines,RCS)设置4个节点,拟合体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的剂量-反应关系,采用趋势化检验评估拟合结果中的非线性趋势。所有模型中P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 研究对象的基本情况
885例研究对象的基本情况见表 1,其中女性573例(64.7%),男性312例(35.3%),平均年龄30.82岁,个人年收入10万以上者占8.7%。婚姻类型方面,初婚家庭占89.9%,重组家庭占10.1%,其中女性重组家庭较多,占12.0%。由女性原因导致的不孕占40.5%,男性为18.9%,双方共有为23.7%,不明原因为23.1%。此外,大多数家庭支持ART(88.7%),女性家庭支持率略低(87.3%)。女性患者中有277例(48.3%)曾经怀孕过,113例(19.7%)曾足月生产过。女性内分泌激素FSH、E2、LH、T水平的M(P25,P75)分别为6.48 (4.67, 8.00) IU/L、107.02 (38.68, 157.14) pmol/L、4.14 (2.36, 5.94) IU/L、1.03 (0.21, 1.61) nmol/L。男性的平均体脂率为(24.37±6.75)%,略低于女性,相比之下,男性的平均体骨骼肌率为(42.74±3.82)%,高于女性。女性的抑郁得分高于男性,抑郁检出率为52.0%,其中女性抑郁检出率为55.5%,男性抑郁检出率为45.5%。辅助生殖人群中,在年收入、婚姻类型、体力活动、身高、体重、BMI、体脂率、体骨骼肌率和抑郁评分等各项的男女差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
表 1.
患者的基本情况
Basic information of the patients
| Characteristic | Total (n=885) | Male (n=312) | Female (n=573) | t/χ2 | P value |
| ART, assisted reproductive technology; BMI, body mass index. | |||||
| Age/years, x±s | 30.82±4.37 | 31.1±1.41 | 30.7±4.35 | -1.337 | 0.181 |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.863 | 0.065 | |||
| Below junior high school | 260 (9.4) | 86 (27.6) | 174 (30.4) | ||
| High school or secondary school | 335 (37.9) | 123 (39.4) | 212 (37.0) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree and above | 290 (32.8) | 103 (33.0) | 187 (32.6) | ||
| Annual income, n (%) | 75.446 | < 0.001 | |||
| Less than 30 000 yuan | 341 (38.5) | 81 (26.0) | 260 (45.4) | ||
| 30 000-100 000 yuan | 401 (45.3) | 138 (44.2) | 263 (45.9) | ||
| More than 100 000 yuan | 143 (16.2) | 93 (29.8) | 50 (8.7) | ||
| Type of marriage, n (%) | 7.083 | 0.008 | |||
| First marriage family | 796 (89.9) | 292 (93.6) | 504 (88.0) | ||
| Reorganized family | 89 (10.1) | 20 (6.4) | 69 (12.0) | ||
| Infertility causes, n (%) | 9.448 | 0.024 | |||
| Male | 142 (16.0) | 59 (18.9) | 83 (14.5) | ||
| Female | 329 (37.2) | 97 (31.3) | 232 (40.5) | ||
| Both parties have | 210 (23.7) | 74 (23.7) | 136 (23.7) | ||
| Unknown cause | 204 (23.1) | 82 (26.3) | 122 (21.3) | ||
| Families’ perceptions of ART, n (%) | 3.365 | 0.067 | |||
| Supports | 785 (88.7) | 285 (91.3) | 500 (87.3) | ||
| Objection | 100 (11.3) | 27 (8.7) | 73 (12.7) | ||
| Physical activity, n (%) | 33.355 | < 0.001 | |||
| Low | 295 (33.3) | 70 (22.4) | 225 (39.3) | ||
| Middle | 295 (33.3) | 105 (33.7) | 190 (33.2) | ||
| High | 295 (33.3) | 137 (43.9) | 158 (27.6) | ||
| Height/cm, x±s | 164.38±8.04 | 171.78±6.23 | 160.34±5.71 | -20.429 | < 0.001 |
| Weight/kg, x±s | 65.67±13.09 | 75.99±12.90 | 60.04±9.20 | -17.349 | < 0.001 |
| BMI/(kg/m2), x±s | 24.19±3.78 | 25.71±3.87 | 23.37±3.47 | -9.014 | < 0.001 |
| Total body fat rate/%, x±s | 28.01±7.06 | 24.37±6.75 | 29.99±6.41 | -12.240 | < 0.001 |
| Total skeletal muscle rate/%, x±s | 39.73±4.22 | 42.74±3.82 | 38.10±3.47 | 18.356 | < 0.001 |
| Depression score, x±s | 5.16±3.99 | 4.44±3.98 | 5.54±3.95 | -4.450 | < 0.001 |
2.2. 辅助生殖人群体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的关联
表 2显示,在单因素分析中,辅助生殖人群的体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁存在显著关联(P < 0.05)。在多因素分析中,调整混杂变量后结果表明,随着体脂率的增加,抑郁程度随之增加(β=0.07, 95%CI:0.01, 0.14);随着体骨骼肌率的降低,抑郁程度随之增加(β=-0.12, 95%CI:-0.24, -0.01)。具体来说,相比体脂率最低的Q1组,体脂率较高的Q2和Q3组患者的抑郁程度明显增加,随着体脂率的增加,抑郁程度呈显著的上升趋势。相比体骨骼肌率最高的人群,体骨骼肌率较低的Q3组抑郁程度明显增加。随着体骨骼肌率的降低,抑郁程度呈显著的上升趋势。趋势化检验表明,随着体脂率的升高和体骨骼肌率的降低,抑郁程度呈现出极显著的单调上升趋势(P < 0.001)。采用RCS拟合线性回归模型分析体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁之间的关系,结果如图 1所示,控制混杂因素后,辅助生殖人群的抑郁风险随体脂率升高而增加,随体骨骼肌率上升而下降,体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁风险之间存在显著线性关联(Pnon-linear>0.05)。
表 2.
辅助生殖人群体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的关联
Association of total body fat rate and total skeletal muscle rate with depression in the assisted reproduction population
| Variable | Total (n=885) | |||
| β (95%CI)a | P valuea | β (95%CI)b | P valueb | |
| BF%, total body fat rate; SM%, total skeletal muscle rate; Q1, Q2, Q3, the BF% and SM% were divided into three groups by three-quartile spacing; M, median; Ptrend, P value for the trend test; a, unadjusted; b, model incorporates variables such as age, gender, education, annual income, type of marriage, cause of infertility, family’ s perception of row ART, height, weight, BMI, and physical activity. β, partial regression coefficient; CI, confidence interval; ART, assisted reproductive technology; BMI, body mass index. | ||||
| BF% | ||||
| Q1 (≤24.50), M=21.40 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Q2 (24.51-31.20), M=28.10 | 0.93 (0.29, 1.57) | 0.004 | 1.30 (0.35, 2.25) | 0.007 |
| Q3 (>31.21), M=34.70 | 1.24 (0.61, 0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.11, 1.54) | 0.025 |
| Ptrend | < 0.001 | |||
| BF% (continuous variable) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.10) | 0.002 | 0.07 (0.01, 0.14) | 0.040 |
| SM% | ||||
| Q1 (≤37.68), M=35.66 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Q2 (37.69-41.46), M=39.53 | -0.13 (-0.77, 0.51) | 0.688 | -0.14 (-0.87, 0.59) | 0.712 |
| Q3 (>41.47), M=43.89 | -1.33 (-1.97, -0.69) | < 0.001 | -1.16 (-2.12, -0.20) | 0.018 |
| Ptrend | < 0.001 | |||
| SM% (continuous variable) | -0.12 (-0.18, -0.06) | < 0.001 | -0.12 (-0.24, -0.01) | 0.029 |
图 1.
辅助生殖人群体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的剂量-反应关系
Dose-response relationship between total body fat rate and total skeletal muscle rate with depression in the assisted reproduction population
All models added variables such as age, gender, education, annual income, type of marriage, cause of infertility, family' s perception of performing ART, height, weight, BMI, and physical activity. BF%, total body fat rate; SM%, total skeletal muscle rate; ART, assisted reproductive technology; BMI, body mass index.
2.3. 不同性别、年龄的辅助生殖人群体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的关联
按年龄和性别分层探讨体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的关联,我们发现不同年龄、性别的辅助生殖人群与抑郁的关联存在差异性。如表 3所示,男性组中,随着体脂率的增加,抑郁风险明显增加(Ptrend=0.020),Q2和Q3组与Q1组相比,抑郁风险分别增加1.26倍和2.05倍, 而女性组中差异无统计学意义。在年龄>30岁患者组中,体脂率每增加1个百分点,抑郁风险增加0.12倍(P < 0.05),Q2和Q3组与Q1组相比,抑郁风险分别增加1.19倍和1.83倍。体骨骼肌率与抑郁呈负相关(β=-0.19, 95%CI:-0.35, -0.03)。高体脂率与抑郁风险增加相关,低体骨骼肌率也与抑郁风险增加相关,这种关联在男性和年龄>30岁人群中更加明显。采用RCS拟合线性回归模型分析,结果如图 2所示,控制混杂因素后,随着体脂率增加,抑郁风险呈增加趋势,随着体骨骼肌率增加,抑郁风险呈下降趋势,男性的抑郁风险高于女性,年龄>30岁抑郁风险高于年龄≤30岁。
表 3.
按年龄、性别分层的辅助生殖人群体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的关联
Association of total body fat rate and total skeletal muscle rate with depression in an assisted reproduction population stratified by age and gender
| Variable | Gender | ||||
| Male (n=312) | Female (n=573) | ||||
| β (95%CI) | P value | β (95%CI) | P valuea | ||
| All models stratified based on moderating variables such as education, annual income, type of marriage, cause of infertility, family perception of row ART, height, weight, BMI, and physical activity. a, models adjusted for age, education, annual income, type of marriage, reason for infertility, family perception of ART, height, weight, BMI, physical activity, and additional variables such as whether the woman had ever been pregnant, had given birth at term, and the levels of the basal endocrine hormones FSH, E2, T, LH. BF%, total body fat rate; SM%, total skeletal muscle rate; Q1, Q2, Q3, the BF% and SM% were divided into three groups by three-quartile spacing; M, median; Ptrend, P value for the trend test; β, partial regression coefficient; CI, confidence interval; ART, assisted reproductive technology; BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; E2, estradiol hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; T, testosterone hormone. | |||||
| BF% | |||||
| Q1 (≤24.50), M=21.40 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Q2 (24.51-31.20), M=28.10 | 1.26 (0.12, 2.40) | 0.030 | 0.28 (-0.63, 1.20) | 0.544 | |
| Q3 (>31.21), M=34.70 | 2.05 (0.37, 3.72) | 0.017 | 0.67 (-0.50, 1.83) | 0.263 | |
| Ptrend | 0.020 | 0.136 | |||
| BF% (continuous variable) | 0.08 (-0.03, 0.19) | 0.144 | 0.05 (-0.04, 0.14) | 0.302 | |
| SM% | |||||
| Q1 (≤37.68), M=35.66 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Q2 (37.69-41.46), M=39.53 | 0.87 (-0.90, 2.64) | 0.332 | -0.21 (-1.01, 0.60) | 0.617 | |
| Q3 (>41.47), M=43.89 | -0.62 (-2.55, 1.31) | 0.529 | -0.67 (-1.83, 0.50) | 0.262 | |
| Ptrend | 0.092 | 0.072 | |||
| SM% (continuous variable) | -0.14 (-0.31, 0.04) | 0.120 | -0.09 (-0.23, 0.06) | 0.249 | |
| Variable | Age | ||||
| ≤30 years old (n=444) | >30 years old (n=441) | ||||
| β (95%CI) | P value | β (95%CI) | P value | ||
| BF% | |||||
| Q1 (≤24.50), M=21.40 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Q2 (24.51-31.20), M=28.10 | 0.42 (-0.59, 1.44) | 0.280 | 1.19 (0.18, 2.19) | 0.008 | |
| Q3 (>31.21), M=34.70 | 0.73 (-0.59, 2.05) | 0.146 | 1.83 (0.48, 3.19) | 0.020 | |
| Ptrend | < 0.001 | 0.089 | |||
| BF% (continuous variable) | 0.02 (-0.08, 0.11) | 0.764 | 0.12 (0.02, 0.22) | 0.018 | |
| SM% | |||||
| Q1 (≤37.68), M=35.66 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Q2 (37.69-41.46), M=39.53 | 0.15 (-0.81, 1.11) | 0.764 | -0.61 (-1.71, 0.49) | 0.270 | |
| Q3 (>41.47), M=43.89 | -0.66 (-1.98, 0.66) | 0.326 | -1.74 (-3.13, -0.34) | 0.015 | |
| Ptrend | < 0.001 | 0.066 | |||
| SM% (continuous variable) | -0.03 (-0.18, 0.13) | 0.684 | -0.19 (-0.35, -0.03) | 0.013 | |
图 2.
不同性别、年龄辅助生殖人群体脂率、体骨骼肌率与抑郁的剂量-反应关系
Dose-response relationship between total body fat rate and total skeletal muscle rate with depression in assisted reproduction population of different gender and age
All models added variables such as education, annual income, type of marriage, cause of infertility, family' s perception of line ART, height, weight, BMI, and physical activity. BF%, total body fat rate; SM%, total skeletal muscle rate; ART, assisted reproductive technology; BMI, body mass index.
3. 讨论
3.1. 辅助生殖人群的抑郁情况
ART作为治疗不孕不育症的有效方法,已得到了广泛的应用,然而,ART成本高昂,需要经历一系列复杂的过程[17],且每个周期的成功率仅约为30%[18],这些因素无疑会增加不孕不育夫妇的心理负担。我们的研究发现,行ART治疗的885例不孕不育患者的抑郁检出率为52.0%,其中女性为55.5%,男性为45.5%。与过往研究结果相似,在辅助生殖中心接受疗程治疗的患者中,抑郁症状非常普遍,且女性抑郁的检出率高于男性[6, 19-20]。在进行ART治疗时,夫妻双方均需要面对来自生理、心理、社会等不同方面所造成的不良情绪的影响,都需要健康的心理状态,因此,心理社会干预对于辅助生殖人群至关重要。
3.2. 辅助生殖人群体脂肪与抑郁的关系
我们的研究表明,与正常的体脂率相比,辅助生殖人群的高体脂率与高抑郁发病风险显著关联。以往的研究发现,体脂率是影响多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)患者抑郁的独立危险因素[21]。体脂肪作为内分泌活动的关键组织,是人体代谢健康的重要决定因素[22],过度的脂肪堆积可能导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, HPA)轴功能异常,增加皮质醇分泌,皮质醇增多会进一步破坏身心稳态,可能是体脂率升高影响抑郁风险的重要中介机制[23-24]。
体脂肪组织还是炎症因子产生的重要场所,有研究表明,脂肪组织可以分泌促炎因子白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α),诱发慢性低度炎症反应,继而影响抑郁发病[25]。在生理机制中,适度的体脂肪是人体正常生理功能所必需的,但过高或过低的体脂率都可能与健康问题相关。过高的体脂率与慢性炎症、内分泌失调等相关,这些因素可能导致或加重抑郁症状;而过低的体脂率可能与营养不良、体力衰竭等相关,也可能影响心理健康。有些研究发现,极端的体脂肪水平,无论是过高还是过低,都与较高的抑郁风险相关[26-27],这与我们在辅助生殖人群中的研究结论基本一致。此外,体脂肪的增加可能导致辅助生殖人群在身体形象上的不安情绪,从而加剧心理压力[28]。
3.3. 辅助生殖人群骨骼肌与抑郁的关系
骨骼肌在人体中分布广泛,具有支撑人体姿势和维持人体各脏器的机械功能,适度的骨骼肌量对于维持良好的体能和代谢功能至关重要。较高的骨骼肌率通常与更好的身体健康和较低的抑郁风险相关[29-30]。然而,过度的肌肉训练可能导致身体过劳和心理压力,反而可能对心理健康产生负面影响[31]。本研究发现,辅助生殖人群中骨骼肌下降与抑郁风险增加显著相关。一项研究显示,在西班牙的中老年人中,调整潜在的混杂变量后,抑郁症与肌肉减少症呈唯一相关[32],这与本研究的结论相符。针对辅助生殖人群的研究相对有限,越来越多的证据表明,慢性炎症反应[33]和过度氧化应激[34]可能与骨骼肌质量下降和抑郁症状有关。低体骨骼肌率与抑郁风险增加相关,骨骼肌含量下降可能导致身体的运动能力减弱,适度的身体活动已被证明对情绪健康具有积极的影响[31, 35]。Cell杂志的一篇报道显示,运动训练可以通过诱导骨骼肌PGC-1a1而改变犬尿氨酸代谢,从而防止压力引起的抑郁[33],这一机制研究支持了本研究的结论。因此,我们认为骨骼肌含量下降会导致辅助生殖人群抑郁等不良情绪的增加。
3.4. 辅助生殖人群中性别、年龄对体脂肪、骨骼肌影响抑郁的效应修饰作用
本研究发现,体脂率升高与抑郁风险增加的这种关联在男性患者组中更为显著。关于性别差异,有研究观察到女性肥胖者抑郁的检出率高于男性[36],该研究关注的肥胖指标是BMI,然而,男性和女性的体脂率往往存在较大差异。体骨骼肌率减低与抑郁风险增加的这种关联在年龄较大的辅助生殖患者中表现得更明显。与年轻人相比,年龄大的患者可能存在更多的体力活动减少和营养摄入不足的问题。在中国台湾老年人的一项横断面研究中发现,骨骼肌减少与抑郁障碍存在正相关关系[37],此外,以IL-6和TNF-α升高为特征的、与年龄相关的慢性低度炎症也是全身肌肉减少发生的重要致病因素[38-39],在中老年人中,较大的肌肉量具有更大的生理和功能储备,可以预防抑郁症状[40]。以上研究提示我们,在设计针对辅助生殖人群抑郁的体成分干预策略时,应考虑个体化的差异。
本研究具有一定的局限性,首先,本研究是横断面调查,缺乏多次测量和长期追踪,无法提供在辅助生殖治疗过程中,体脂肪和骨骼肌质量变化影响患者抑郁状态的具体信息,且无法确定两者之间的因果性,将来的研究可通过队列数据进行相应补充;其次,本研究的受试对象无法代表全国辅助生殖人群,因此,还需要开展大样本、前瞻性研究,以进一步明确辅助生殖过程中体脂肪和骨骼肌变化对患者抑郁状况的影响。
综上,鉴于辅助生殖人群特殊的治疗情况和潜在的身心变化机制,开展身体成分与抑郁关系的针对性研究尤为必要。本研究使用BIA分析方法更有效、安全地测量身体成分,研究结果表明,在辅助生殖人群中体脂肪增加和骨骼肌减少都是抑郁的独立危险因素,其在男性、年龄较大的人群中更为显著。控制体重、减少体脂肪、增加骨骼肌等干预方式,可有望降低辅助生殖人群的抑郁发生率。我们的研究为辅助生殖患者的心理健康问题提供了新的视角,未来的研究可以进一步深入探讨体脂肪和骨骼肌与抑郁之间的生理和心理机制。为了有效改善辅助生殖人群的不良心理压力,相应的干预措施,如科学膳食和适量的有氧运动以及健身训练,有必要在辅助生殖实践中推广应用。
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金青年项目(72004001)、安徽省高校科研人文项目(2022AH050627)
Supported by the Youth Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72004001) and the Anhui University Scientific Research Humanities Project (2022AH050627)
Footnotes
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献声明 宋晓欢:撰写文稿,数据整理,统计分析,修改论文;罗桂英、王婕妤:指导研究,修改论文;贾月迪、江飞、朱梦黎:数据整理,统计分析;王丹妮:设计研究方案,指导研究,修改论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。
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