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. 2012 Mar 29;10(3):2613. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2613

Scientific Opinion on the minimum hygiene criteria to be applied to clean seawater and on the public health risks and hygiene criteria for bottled seawater intended for domestic use

EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ); EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM)
PMCID: PMC13151813  PMID: 42111986

Abstract

Microbiological hazards have been associated with seawater. Poor quality sea water may consequently have a severe impact on public health. Coastal sources used for abstraction of seawater cannot be classified as a pristine source. The use of water safety plans, combining sanitary surveys with microbiological criteria and appropriate water treatment, is proposed in order to ensure adequate hygiene conditions and to control hazards. The comprehensiveness of the sanitary survey, the stringency of microbiological criteria, and the need for treatment depend on the relative exposures associated to the different uses of seawater. For uses with low exposure to microbiological hazards, a basic sanitary survey and microbiological criteria based on the Directive 2006/7/EC are considered appropriate. For uses with a higher exposure, a more comprehensive sanitary survey, mandatory water treatment, and microbiological criteria based on Council Directive 98/83/EC with an additional criterion for Vibrio spp. are considered appropriate. For uses with highest exposure, a more comprehensive sanitary survey, mandatory water treatment, and microbiological criteria based on Council Directive 98/83/EC with an additional criterion for turbidity and Vibrio spp. are considered appropriate. Both inorganic and organic chemicals can be found in seawater in concentrations that are usually low. Therefore the use of seawater on fresh or processed fishery products or for re‐vitalisation of live molluscs is unlikely to raise a health concern. A potential health concern may occur from the domestic use of bottled seawater where human exposure might be expected to be higher than for the other uses of seawater. Therefore, the concentration of chemicals in bottled seawater should comply with the standards laid down in Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption. It is recommended to use ultraviolet (UV) or other physical methods as the preferred disinfection process to prevent the formation of hazardous disinfection by‐products such as bromate and trihalomethanes.

Keywords: Bottled seawater, clean seawater, hygiene criteria, public health risk

EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) ; Scientific Opinion on the minimum hygiene criteria to be applied to clean seawater and on the public health risks and hygiene criteria for bottled seawater intended for domestic use. EFSA Journal 2012;10(3):2613. [85 pp.] doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2613.

Panel members: Olivier Andreoletti, Herbert Budka, Sava Buncic, John D Collins, John Griffin, Tine Hald, Arie Havelaar, James Hope, Günter Klein, Kostas Koutsoumanis, James McLauchlin, Christine Müller‐Graf, Christophe Nguyen‐The, Birgit Noerrung, Luisa Peixe, Miguel Prieto Maradona, Antonia Ricci, John Sofos, John Threlfall, Ivar Vågsholm and Emmanuel Vanopdenbosch.

Panel members: Jan Alexander, Diane Benford, Alan Boobis, Sandra Ceccatelli, Bruce Cottrill, Jean‐Pierre Cravedi, Alessandro Di Domenico, Daniel Doerge, Eugenia Dogliotti, Lutz Edler, Peter Farmer, Metka Filipiè, Johanna Fink‐Gremmels, Peter Fürst, Thierry Guérin, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Miroslav Machala, Antonio Mutti, Martin Rose, Josef Schlatter and Rolaf van Leeuwen.

Correspondence: biohaz@efsa.europa.eu

Acknowledgement: The Panels wish to thank the members of the Working Group on the minimum hygiene criteria to be applied to clean seawater and on the public health risks and hygiene criteria for bottled seawater intended for domestic use: Arie Havelaar, Miguel Prieto Maradona, James McLauchlin, Ron Lee, Jaime Martinez Urtaza, Rolaf van Leeuwen for the preparatory work on this scientific opinion and EFSA staff: Michaela Hempen, Ernesto Liebana, Silvia Inés Nicolau Solano for the support provided to this scientific opinion.

Adoption date: 8 March 2012

Published date: 29 March 2012

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2011‐00274, EFSA‐Q‐2011‐00298

On request from: European Commission

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