Skip to main content
PMC home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 1991 Sep;32(Suppl):S47–S62. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.suppl.s47

Viral hepatitis.

J Y Lau 1, G J Alexander 1, A Alberti 1
PMCID: PMC1405217  PMID: 1916470

Full text

PDF
S61

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abe K., Shikata T., Fujisawa K., Yamauchi M., Matsushita H., Suzuki H., Oda T. Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis agent to chimpanzees from patients of epidemic hepatitis. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1986 Jun;39(3):119–127. doi: 10.7883/yoken1952.39.119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alberti A., Cavalletto D., Chemello L., Belussi F., Fattovich G., Pontisso P., Milanesi G., Ruol A. Fine specificity of human antibody response to the PreS1 domain of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology. 1990 Aug;12(2):199–203. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840120204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Alberti A., Diana S., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Changes in hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase in relation to the outcome of acute hepatitis type B. Gut. 1979 Mar;20(3):190–195. doi: 10.1136/gut.20.3.190. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Alberti A., Diana S., Sculard G. H., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Detection of a new antibody system reacting with Dane particles in hepatitis B virus infection. Br Med J. 1978 Oct 14;2(6144):1056–1058. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6144.1056. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alberti A., Diana S., Scullard G. H., Eddleston W. F., Williams R. Full and empty Dane particles in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: relation to hepatitis B e antigen and presence of liver damage. Gastroenterology. 1978 Nov;75(5):869–874. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Alexander G. J., Brahm J., Fagan E. A., Smith H. M., Daniels H. M., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Loss of HBsAg with interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 1987 Jul 11;2(8550):66–69. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92735-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Alexander G. J., Fagan E. A., Hegarty J. E., Yeo J., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Controlled clinical trial of acyclovir in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol. 1987 Jan;21(1):81–87. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890210111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Alexander G. J., Fagan E. A., Rolando N., Guarner P., Callender M. E., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Differential effect of ARA-AMP on serum DNA polymerase activity and serum HBV-DNA in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. A possible reason for lack of efficacy. J Hepatol. 1986;3 (Suppl 2):S81–S86. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(86)80104-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Alter H. J., Purcell R. H., Shih J. W., Melpolder J. C., Houghton M., Choo Q. L., Kuo G. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed transfusion recipients with acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 30;321(22):1494–1500. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911303212202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Anastassakos C., Alexander G. J., Wolstencroft R. A., Avery J. A., Portmann B. C., Panayi G. S., Dumonde D. C., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 activity in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology. 1988 Apr;94(4):999–1005. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90559-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Arankalle V. A., Ticehurst J., Sreenivasan M. A., Kapikian A. Z., Popper H., Pavri K. M., Purcell R. H. Aetiological association of a virus-like particle with enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet. 1988 Mar 12;1(8585):550–554. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91351-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Arima T., Nagashima H., Murakami S., Kaji C., Fujita J., Shimomura H., Tsuji T. Cloning of a cDNA associated with acute and chronic hepatitis C infection generated from patients serum RNA. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1989 Oct;24(5):540–544. doi: 10.1007/BF02773882. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bain V. G., Daniels H. M., Chanas A., Alexander G. J., Williams R. Foscarnet therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus E antigen carriers. J Med Virol. 1989 Oct;29(2):152–155. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890290214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Balayan M. S., Andjaparidze A. G., Savinskaya S. S., Ketiladze E. S., Braginsky D. M., Savinov A. P., Poleschuk V. F. Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Intervirology. 1983;20(1):23–31. doi: 10.1159/000149370. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bartenschlager R., Junker-Niepmann M., Schaller H. The P gene product of hepatitis B virus is required as a structural component for genomic RNA encapsidation. J Virol. 1990 Nov;64(11):5324–5332. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5324-5332.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bartenschlager R., Schaller H. The amino-terminal domain of the hepadnaviral P-gene encodes the terminal protein (genome-linked protein) believed to prime reverse transcription. EMBO J. 1988 Dec 20;7(13):4185–4192. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03315.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bavand M. R., Laub O. Two proteins with reverse transcriptase activities associated with hepatitis B virus-like particles. J Virol. 1988 Feb;62(2):626–628. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.2.626-628.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bird G. L., Smith H., Portmann B., Alexander G. J., Williams R. Acute liver decompensation on withdrawal of cytotoxic chemotherapy and immunosuppressive therapy in hepatitis B carriers. Q J Med. 1989 Oct;73(270):895–902. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bosch V., Bartenschlager R., Radziwill G., Schaller H. The duck hepatitis B virus P-gene codes for protein strongly associated with the 5'-end of the viral DNA minus strand. Virology. 1988 Oct;166(2):475–485. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90518-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bradley D. W., Krawczynski K., Cook E. H., Jr, McCaustland K. A., Humphrey C. D., Spelbring J. E., Myint H., Maynard J. E. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: serial passage of disease in cynomolgus macaques and tamarins and recovery of disease-associated 27- to 34-nm viruslike particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(17):6277–6281. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6277. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bradley D. W., Maynard J. E., Cook E. H., Ebert J. W., Gravelle C. R., Tsiquaye K. N., Kessler H., Zuckerman A. J., Miller M. F., Ling C. Non-A/non-B hepatitis in experimentally infected chimpanzees: cross-challenge and electron microscopic studies. J Med Virol. 1980;6(3):185–201. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890060302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Bradley D. W., Maynard J. E., Popper H., Cook E. H., Ebert J. W., McCaustland K. A., Schable C. A., Fields H. A. Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: physicochemical properties of two distinct agents. J Infect Dis. 1983 Aug;148(2):254–265. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.2.254. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bradley D. W., McCaustland K. A., Cook E. H., Schable C. A., Ebert J. W., Maynard J. E. Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis in chimpanzees. Physicochemical evidence that the tubule-forming agent is a small, enveloped virus. Gastroenterology. 1985 Mar;88(3):773–779. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Bruix J., Barrera J. M., Calvet X., Ercilla G., Costa J., Sanchez-Tapias J. M., Ventura M., Vall M., Bruguera M., Bru C. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Spanish patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic cirrhosis. Lancet. 1989 Oct 28;2(8670):1004–1006. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91015-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Brunetto M. R., Stemler M., Bonino F., Schodel F., Oliveri F., Rizzetto M., Verme G., Will H. A new hepatitis B virus strain in patients with severe anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 1990 Mar;10(2):258–261. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(90)90062-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Carman W. F., Jacyna M. R., Hadziyannis S., Karayiannis P., McGarvey M. J., Makris A., Thomas H. C. Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet. 1989 Sep 9;2(8663):588–591. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90713-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Carman W. F., Zanetti A. R., Karayiannis P., Waters J., Manzillo G., Tanzi E., Zuckerman A. J., Thomas H. C. Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet. 1990 Aug 11;336(8711):325–329. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91874-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Carrella M., Hunter J., Williams R., Taylor P. E., Zuckerman A. J. The Australia (hepatitis-associated) antigen amongst heroin addicts attending a London addiction clinic. J Hyg (Lond) 1971 Dec;69(4):565–570. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400021835. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Chang C., Enders G., Sprengel R., Peters N., Varmus H. E., Ganem D. Expression of the precore region of an avian hepatitis B virus is not required for viral replication. J Virol. 1987 Oct;61(10):3322–3325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.10.3322-3325.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Chen P. J., Kalpana G., Goldberg J., Mason W., Werner B., Gerin J., Taylor J. Structure and replication of the genome of the hepatitis delta virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Nov;83(22):8774–8778. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.22.8774. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Chisari F. V., Filippi P., Buras J., McLachlan A., Popper H., Pinkert C. A., Palmiter R. D., Brinster R. L. Structural and pathological effects of synthesis of hepatitis B virus large envelope polypeptide in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(19):6909–6913. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.19.6909. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Chisari F. V., Filippi P., McLachlan A., Milich D. R., Riggs M., Lee S., Palmiter R. D., Pinkert C. A., Brinster R. L. Expression of hepatitis B virus large envelope polypeptide inhibits hepatitis B surface antigen secretion in transgenic mice. J Virol. 1986 Dec;60(3):880–887. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.3.880-887.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Choo Q. L., Kuo G., Weiner A. J., Overby L. R., Bradley D. W., Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science. 1989 Apr 21;244(4902):359–362. doi: 10.1126/science.2523562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Choo Q. L., Weiner A. J., Overby L. R., Kuo G., Houghton M., Bradley D. W. Hepatitis C virus: the major causative agent of viral non-A, non-B hepatitis. Br Med Bull. 1990 Apr;46(2):423–441. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Chu C. M., Liaw Y. F. Studies on the composition of the mononuclear cell infiltrates in liver from patients with chronic active delta hepatitis. Hepatology. 1989 Dec;10(6):911–915. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840100603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Cohen J. I., Ticehurst J. R., Purcell R. H., Buckler-White A., Baroudy B. M. Complete nucleotide sequence of wild-type hepatitis A virus: comparison with different strains of hepatitis A virus and other picornaviruses. J Virol. 1987 Jan;61(1):50–59. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.1.50-59.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Cole S. M., Gowans E. J., Macnaughton T. B., Hall P. D., Burrell C. J. Direct evidence for cytotoxicity associated with expression of hepatitis delta virus antigen. Hepatology. 1991 May;13(5):845–851. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Colombo M., Kuo G., Choo Q. L., Donato M. F., Del Ninno E., Tommasini M. A., Dioguardi N., Houghton M. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 1989 Oct 28;2(8670):1006–1008. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91016-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Cossar J. H., Reid D. Not all travellers need immunoglobulin for hepatitis A. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987 Jun 13;294(6586):1503–1503. doi: 10.1136/bmj.294.6586.1503. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Daniels H. M., Meager A., Eddleston A. L., Alexander G. J., Williams R. Spontaneous production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta during interferon-alpha treatment of chronic HBV infection. Lancet. 1990 Apr 14;335(8694):875–877. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90475-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Davies S. E., Portmann B. C., O'Grady J. G., Aldis P. M., Chaggar K., Alexander G. J., Williams R. Hepatic histological findings after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including a unique pattern of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. Hepatology. 1991 Jan;13(1):150–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Davis G. L., Balart L. A., Schiff E. R., Lindsay K., Bodenheimer H. C., Jr, Perrillo R. P., Carey W., Jacobson I. M., Payne J., Dienstag J. L. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa. A multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 30;321(22):1501–1506. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911303212203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. De Cock K. M., Bradley D. W., Sandford N. L., Govindarajan S., Maynard J. E., Redeker A. G. Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in patients from Pakistan. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Feb;106(2):227–230. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Di Bisceglie A. M., Martin P., Kassianides C., Lisker-Melman M., Murray L., Waggoner J., Goodman Z., Banks S. M., Hoofnagle J. H. Recombinant interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 30;321(22):1506–1510. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911303212204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Dienstag J. L. Non-A, non-B hepatitis. I. Recognition, epidemiology, and clinical features. Gastroenterology. 1983 Aug;85(2):439–462. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Dudley F. J., Giustino V., Sherlock S. Cell-mediated immunity in patients positive for hepatitis-associated antigen. Br Med J. 1972 Dec 30;4(5843):754–756. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5843.754. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Inadequate antibody response to hBAg or suppressor T-cell defect in development of active chronic hepatitis. Lancet. 1974 Dec 28;2(7896):1543–1545. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90287-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. El Sheikh N., Osman C. G., Cullens H., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in HBsAg-positive liver disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1978 Feb;31(2):158–165. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Elfassi E., Haseltine W. A., Dienstag J. L. Detection of hepatitis B virus X product using an open reading frame Escherichia coli expression vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Apr;83(7):2219–2222. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.7.2219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Esteban J. I., Esteban R., Viladomiu L., López-Talavera J. C., González A., Hernández J. M., Roget M., Vargas V., Genescà J., Buti M. Hepatitis C virus antibodies among risk groups in Spain. Lancet. 1989 Aug 5;2(8658):294–297. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90485-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Fagan E. A., Davison F. D., Trowbridge R., Carman W. F., Smith H. M., Tedder R., Williams R. Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA sequences in liver in HBsAg seronegative patients with liver disease with and without anti-HBc antibodies. Q J Med. 1991 Feb;78(286):123–134. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Fagan E. A., Ellis D. S., Portmann B., Tovey G. M., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Microbial structures in a patient with sporadic non-A, non-B fulminant hepatitis treated by liver transplantation. J Med Virol. 1987 Jun;22(2):189–198. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890220211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Fagan E. A., Ellis D. S., Tovey G. M., Lloyd G., Portmann B., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Toga-like virus as a cause of fulminant hepatitis attributed to sporadic non-A, non-B. J Med Virol. 1989 Jul;28(3):150–155. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890280308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Fagan E. A., Ellis D. S., Tovey G. M., Portmann B., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Viruslike particles in liver in sporadic non-A, non-B fulminant hepatitis. J Med Virol. 1989 Jan;27(1):76–80. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890270116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Fagan E. A., Ellis D. S., Tovey G. M., Portmann B., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Viruslike particles in liver in sporadic non-A, non-B fulminant hepatitis. J Med Virol. 1989 Jan;27(1):76–80. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890270116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Fagan E. A., Tolley P., Smith H. M., Peters M. P., Coleman J., Elliott P., Williams R., Eddleston A. L. Hepatitis B vaccine: immunogenicity and follow-up including two year booster doses in high-risk health care personnel in a London teaching hospital. J Med Virol. 1987 Jan;21(1):49–56. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890210107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Feinstone S. M., Kapikian A. Z., Purceli R. H. Hepatitis A: detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness. Science. 1973 Dec 7;182(4116):1026–1028. doi: 10.1126/science.182.4116.1026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Feinstone S. M., Kapikian A. Z., Purcell R. H., Alter H. J., Holland P. V. Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. N Engl J Med. 1975 Apr 10;292(15):767–770. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197504102921502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Feitelson M. A. Products of the "X" gene in hepatitis B and related viruses. Hepatology. 1986 Mar-Apr;6(2):191–198. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840060207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Ferenci P., Vogel W., Pristautz H., Deimer J., Denk H., Judmaier G., Maier K. P., Krejs G. J., Gangl A. One-year treatment of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with interferon alfa-2b. J Hepatol. 1990;11 (Suppl 1):S50–S53. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(90)90163-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Forbes A., Williams R. Changing epidemiology and clinical aspects of hepatitis A. Br Med Bull. 1990 Apr;46(2):303–318. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. GUPTA D. N., SMETANA H. F. The histopathology of viral hepatitis as seen in the Delhi epidemic (1955-56). Indian J Med Res. 1957 Jan;45(Suppl):101–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. GUPTA D. N., SMETANA H. F. The histopathology of viral hepatitis as seen in the Delhi epidemic (1955-56). Indian J Med Res. 1957 Jan;45(Suppl):101–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Gabriel P., Vallbracht A., Flehmig B. Lack of complement-dependent cytolytic antibodies in hepatitis A virus infection. J Med Virol. 1986 Sep;20(1):23–31. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890200105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Galbraith R. M., Dienstag J. L., Purcell R. H., Gower P. H., Zuckerman A. J., Williams R. Non-A non-B hepatitis associated with chronic liver disease in a haemodialysis unit. Lancet. 1979 May 5;1(8123):951–953. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)91723-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Galbraith R. M., Eddleston A. L., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Fulminant hepatic failure in leukaemia and choriocarcinoma related to withdrawal of cytotoxic drug therapy. Lancet. 1975 Sep 20;2(7934):528–530. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90897-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Galbraith R. M., Eddleston A. L., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Fulminant hepatic failure in leukaemia and choriocarcinoma related to withdrawal of cytotoxic drug therapy. Lancet. 1975 Sep 20;2(7934):528–530. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90897-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Garson J. A., Tedder R. S., Briggs M., Tuke P., Glazebrook J. A., Trute A., Parker D., Barbara J. A., Contreras M., Aloysius S. Detection of hepatitis C viral sequences in blood donations by "nested" polymerase chain reaction and prediction of infectivity. Lancet. 1990 Jun 16;335(8703):1419–1422. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91446-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Gerlich W. H., Robinson W. S. Hepatitis B virus contains protein attached to the 5' terminus of its complete DNA strand. Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):801–809. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90443-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Goubran G. F., Cullens H., Zuckerman A. J., Feddleston A. L., Williams R. Hepatitis B virus infection in dental surgical practice. Br Med J. 1976 Sep 4;2(6035):559–560. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6035.559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Govindarajan S., Gupta S., Valinluck B., Redeker A. G. Correlation of IgM anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) to HDV RNA in sera of chronic HDV. Hepatology. 1989 Jul;10(1):34–35. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840100108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Hadler S. C., Francis D. P., Maynard J. E., Thompson S. E., Judson F. N., Echenberg D. F., Ostrow D. G., O'Malley P. M., Penley K. A., Altman N. L. Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jul 24;315(4):209–214. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198607243150401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Haynes M. E., Haynes D. W., Williams R. Cytoplasmic particles in hepatocytes of patients with Australia antigen-positive liver disease. J Clin Pathol. 1972 May;25(5):403–409. doi: 10.1136/jcp.25.5.403. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. He L. F., Alling D., Popkin T., Shapiro M., Alter H. J., Purcell R. H. Determining the size of non-A, non-B hepatitis virus by filtration. J Infect Dis. 1987 Oct;156(4):636–640. doi: 10.1093/infdis/156.4.636. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Hedin G., Weiland O., Ljunggren K., Strömberg A., Nordenfelt E., Hansson B. G., Oberg B. Treatment of fulminant hepatitis B and fulminant hepatitis B and D coinfection with foscarnet. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;234:309–320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Heermann K. H., Goldmann U., Schwartz W., Seyffarth T., Baumgarten H., Gerlich W. H. Large surface proteins of hepatitis B virus containing the pre-s sequence. J Virol. 1984 Nov;52(2):396–402. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.2.396-402.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Hollinger F. B., Mosley J. W., Szmuness W., Aach R. D., Peters R. L., Stevens C. Transfusion-transmitted viruses study: experimental evidence for two non-A, non-B, hepatitis agents. J Infect Dis. 1980 Sep;142(3):400–407. doi: 10.1093/infdis/142.3.400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Hoofnagle J. H., Dusheiko G. M., Schafer D. F., Jones E. A., Micetich K. C., Young R. C., Costa J. Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection by cancer chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Apr;96(4):447–449. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-96-4-447. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Hoofnagle J., Mullen K., Peters M., Avigan M., Park Y., Waggoner J., Gerin J., Hoyer B., Smedile A. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis with recombinant human alpha interferon. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;234:291–298. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Hu K. Q., Vierling J. M., Siddiqui A. Trans-activation of HLA-DR gene by hepatitis B virus X gene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(18):7140–7144. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.18.7140. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Hughes J. V., Stanton L. W., Tomassini J. E., Long W. J., Scolnick E. M. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis A virus: partial localization of a neutralizing antigenic site. J Virol. 1984 Nov;52(2):465–473. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.2.465-473.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Humphrey C. D., Cook E. H., Jr, Bradley D. W. Identification of enterically transmitted hepatitis virus particles by solid phase immune electron microscopy. J Virol Methods. 1990 Aug;29(2):177–188. doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(90)90111-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Ikeda T., Lever A. M., Thomas H. C. Evidence for a deficiency of interferon production in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection acquired in adult life. Hepatology. 1986 Sep-Oct;6(5):962–965. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840060525. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Imai M., Yanase Y., Nojiri T., Miyakawa Y., Mayumi M. A receptor for polymerized human and chimpanzee albumins on hepatitis B virus particles co-occurring with HBeAg. Gastroenterology. 1979 Feb;76(2):242–247. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Itoh Y., Takai E., Ohnuma H., Kitajima K., Tsuda F., Machida A., Mishiro S., Nakamura T., Miyakawa Y., Mayumi M. A synthetic peptide vaccine involving the product of the pre-S(2) region of hepatitis B virus DNA: protective efficacy in chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(23):9174–9178. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.23.9174. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Jensen D. M., McFarlane I. G., Portmann B. S., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Detection of antibodies directed against a liver-specific membrane lipoprotein in patients with acute and chronic active hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1978 Jul 6;299(1):1–7. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197807062990101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Jilbert A. R., Burrell C. J., Gowans E. J., Hertzog P. J., Linnane A. W., Marmion B. P. Cellular localization of alpha-interferon in hepatitis B virus-infected liver tissue. Hepatology. 1986 Sep-Oct;6(5):957–961. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840060524. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Junker M., Galle P., Schaller H. Expression and replication of the hepatitis B virus genome under foreign promoter control. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Dec 23;15(24):10117–10132. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.24.10117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Kane M. A., Bradley D. W., Shrestha S. M., Maynard J. E., Cook E. H., Mishra R. P., Joshi D. D. Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Nepal. Recovery of a possible etiologic agent and transmission studies in marmosets. JAMA. 1984 Dec 14;252(22):3140–3145. doi: 10.1001/jama.252.22.3140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Kaneko S., Miller R. H. X-region-specific transcript in mammalian hepatitis B virus-infected liver. J Virol. 1988 Nov;62(11):3979–3984. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.3979-3984.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Katayama K., Hayashi N., Sasaki Y., Kasahara A., Ueda K., Fusamoto H., Sato N., Chisaka O., Matsubara K., Kamada T. Detection of hepatitis B virus X gene protein and antibody in type B chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology. 1989 Oct;97(4):990–998. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(89)91508-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Kato N., Hijikata M., Ootsuyama Y., Nakagawa M., Ohkoshi S., Sugimura T., Shimotohno K. Molecular cloning of the human hepatitis C virus genome from Japanese patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(24):9524–9528. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9524. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Kato Y., Nakagawa H., Kobayashi K., Hattori N., Hatano K. Interferon production by peripheral lymphocytes in HBsAg-positive liver diseases. Hepatology. 1982 Nov-Dec;2(6):789–790. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840020607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Khuroo M. S., Teli M. R., Skidmore S., Sofi M. A., Khuroo M. I. Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Med. 1981 Feb;70(2):252–255. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90758-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Kim C. M., Koike K., Saito I., Miyamura T., Jay G. HBx gene of hepatitis B virus induces liver cancer in transgenic mice. Nature. 1991 May 23;351(6324):317–320. doi: 10.1038/351317a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Kos A., Dijkema R., Arnberg A. C., van der Meide P. H., Schellekens H. The hepatitis delta (delta) virus possesses a circular RNA. Nature. 1986 Oct 9;323(6088):558–560. doi: 10.1038/323558a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Krawczynski K., Bradley D. W. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: identification of virus-associated antigen in experimentally infected cynomolgus macaques. J Infect Dis. 1989 Jun;159(6):1042–1049. doi: 10.1093/infdis/159.6.1042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Krone B., Lenz A., Heermann K. H., Seifer M., Lu X. Y., Gerlich W. H. Interaction between hepatitis B surface proteins and monomeric human serum albumin. Hepatology. 1990 Jun;11(6):1050–1056. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840110622. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Kuo G., Choo Q. L., Alter H. J., Gitnick G. L., Redeker A. G., Purcell R. H., Miyamura T., Dienstag J. L., Alter M. J., Stevens C. E. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science. 1989 Apr 21;244(4902):362–364. doi: 10.1126/science.2496467. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Kuo M. Y., Chao M., Taylor J. Initiation of replication of the human hepatitis delta virus genome from cloned DNA: role of delta antigen. J Virol. 1989 May;63(5):1945–1950. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.5.1945-1950.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Kurane I., Binn L. N., Bancroft W. H., Ennis F. A. Human lymphocyte responses to hepatitis A virus-infected cells: interferon production and lysis of infected cells. J Immunol. 1985 Sep;135(3):2140–2144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Lau J. Y., Bird G. L., Gimson A. E., Alexander G. J., Williams R. Treatment of HBV reactivation after withdrawal of immunosuppression. Lancet. 1991 Mar 30;337(8744):802–802. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91433-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Lau J. Y., Lai C. L., Lin H. J., Lok A. S., Liang R. H., Wu P. C., Chan T. K., Todd D. Fatal reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection following withdrawal of chemotherapy in lymphoma patients. Q J Med. 1989 Oct;73(270):911–917. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Lau J. Y., Smith H. M., Chaggar K., Hansen L. J., Portmann B. C., Alexander G. J., Williams R. Significance of IgM anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) in chronic HDV infection. J Med Virol. 1991 Apr;33(4):273–276. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890330412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Lee T. H., Finegold M. J., Shen R. F., DeMayo J. L., Woo S. L., Butel J. S. Hepatitis B virus transactivator X protein is not tumorigenic in transgenic mice. J Virol. 1990 Dec;64(12):5939–5947. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.12.5939-5947.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Lee W. M., Reed W. D., Mitchell C. G., Galbraith R. M., Eddleston A. L., Zuckerman A. J., Williams R. Cellular and humoral immunity to hepatitis-B surface antigen in active chronic hepatitis. Br Med J. 1975 Mar 29;1(5960):705–708. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5960.705. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Lee W. M., Reed W. D., Mitchell C. G., Galbraith R. M., Eddleston A. L., Zuckerman A. J., Williams R. Cellular and humoral immunity to hepatitis-B surface antigen in active chronic hepatitis. Br Med J. 1975 Mar 29;1(5960):705–708. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5960.705. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Lee W. M., Reed W. D., Mitchell C. G., Woolf I. L., Dymock I. W., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen in blood donors with persistent antigenaemia. Gut. 1975 Jun;16(6):416–420. doi: 10.1136/gut.16.6.416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Lee W. M., Reed W. D., Osman C. G., Vahrman J., Zuckerman A. J., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Immune responses to the hepatitis B surface antigen and liver-specific lipoprotein in acute type B hepatitis. Gut. 1977 Mar;18(3):250–257. doi: 10.1136/gut.18.3.250. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Lee W. M., Reed W. D., Osman C. G., Vahrman J., Zuckerman A. J., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Immune responses to the hepatitis B surface antigen and liver-specific lipoprotein in acute type B hepatitis. Gut. 1977 Mar;18(3):250–257. doi: 10.1136/gut.18.3.250. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Lemon S. M. Type A viral hepatitis. New developments in an old disease. N Engl J Med. 1985 Oct 24;313(17):1059–1067. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198510243131706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Lenzi M., Ballardini G., Fusconi M., Cassani F., Selleri L., Volta U., Zauli D., Bianchi F. B. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet. 1990 Feb 3;335(8684):258–259. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90070-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Machida A., Kishimoto S., Ohnuma H., Baba K., Ito Y., Miyamoto H., Funatsu G., Oda K., Usuda S., Togami S. A polypeptide containing 55 amino acid residues coded by the pre-S region of hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid bears the receptor for polymerized human as well as chimpanzee albumins. Gastroenterology. 1984 May;86(5 Pt 1):910–918. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Mack D. H., Bloch W., Nath N., Sninsky J. J. Hepatitis B virus particles contain a polypeptide encoded by the largest open reading frame: a putative reverse transcriptase. J Virol. 1988 Dec;62(12):4786–4790. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.12.4786-4790.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Marcellin P., Boyer N., Giostra E., Degott C., Courouce A. M., Degos F., Coppere H., Cales P., Couzigou P., Benhamou J. P. Recombinant human alpha-interferon in patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from France. Hepatology. 1991 Mar;13(3):393–397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. McCaul T. F., Fagan E. A., Tovey G., Portmann B., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Fulminant hepatitis. An ultrastructural study. J Hepatol. 1986;2(2):276–290. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(86)80087-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. McFarlane I. G., Smith H. M., Johnson P. J., Bray G. P., Vergani D., Williams R. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in chronic active hepatitis: pathogenetic factor or false-positive result? Lancet. 1990 Mar 31;335(8692):754–757. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90870-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. McLachlan A., Milich D. R., Raney A. K., Riggs M. G., Hughes J. L., Sorge J., Chisari F. V. Expression of hepatitis B virus surface and core antigens: influences of pre-S and precore sequences. J Virol. 1987 Mar;61(3):683–692. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.3.683-692.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Meyers M. L., Trepo L. V., Nath N., Sninsky J. J. Hepatitis B virus polypeptide X: expression in Escherichia coli and identification of specific antibodies in sera from hepatitis B virus-infected humans. J Virol. 1986 Jan;57(1):101–109. doi: 10.1128/jvi.57.1.101-109.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Mieli-Vergani G., Vergani D., Portmann B., White Y., Murray-Lyon I., Marigold J. H., Woolf I., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes in HBsAg positive chronic liver disease. Gut. 1982 Dec;23(12):1029–1036. doi: 10.1136/gut.23.12.1029. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Miller R. H., Kaneko S., Chung C. T., Girones R., Purcell R. H. Compact organization of the hepatitis B virus genome. Hepatology. 1989 Feb;9(2):322–327. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840090226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Miller R. H., Purcell R. H. Hepatitis C virus shares amino acid sequence similarity with pestiviruses and flaviviruses as well as members of two plant virus supergroups. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Mar;87(6):2057–2061. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.6.2057. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Miller R. H., Robinson W. S. Common evolutionary origin of hepatitis B virus and retroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Apr;83(8):2531–2535. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.8.2531. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Miyamura T., Saito I., Katayama T., Kikuchi S., Tateda A., Houghton M., Choo Q. L., Kuo G. Detection of antibody against antigen expressed by molecularly cloned hepatitis C virus cDNA: application to diagnosis and blood screening for posttransfusion hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(3):983–987. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.3.983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Molnar-Kimber K. L., Jarocki-Witek V., Dheer S. K., Vernon S. K., Conley A. J., Davis A. R., Hung P. P. Distinctive properties of the hepatitis B virus envelope proteins. J Virol. 1988 Feb;62(2):407–416. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.2.407-416.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Molnar-Kimber K. L., Summers J., Taylor J. M., Mason W. S. Protein covalently bound to minus-strand DNA intermediates of duck hepatitis B virus. J Virol. 1983 Jan;45(1):165–172. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.165-172.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Mondelli M., Vergani G. M., Alberti A., Vergani D., Portmann B., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Specificity of T lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: evidence that T cells are directed against HBV core antigen expressed on hepatocytes. J Immunol. 1982 Dec;129(6):2773–2778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Moriarty A. M., Alexander H., Lerner R. A., Thornton G. B. Antibodies to peptides detect new hepatitis B antigen: serological correlation with hepatocellular carcinoma. Science. 1985 Jan 25;227(4685):429–433. doi: 10.1126/science.2981434. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. NAIDU S. S., VISWANATHAN R. Infectious hepatitis in pregnancy during Delhi epidemic. Indian J Med Res. 1957 Jan;45(Suppl):71–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Naumov N. V., Mondelli M., Alexander G. J., Tedder R. S., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Relationship between expression of hepatitis B virus antigens in isolated hepatocytes and autologous lymphocyte cytotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 1984 Jan-Feb;4(1):63–68. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840040111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Negro F., Baldi M., Bonino F., Rocca G., Demartini A., Passarino G., Maran E., Lavarini C., Rizzetto M., Verme G. Chronic HDV (hepatitis delta virus) hepatitis. Intrahepatic expression of delta antigen, histologic activity and outcome of liver disease. J Hepatol. 1988 Feb;6(1):8–14. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(88)80457-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Negro F., Bonino F., Di Bisceglie A., Hoofnagle J. H., Gerin J. L. Intrahepatic markers of hepatitis delta virus infection: a study by in situ hybridization. Hepatology. 1989 Dec;10(6):916–920. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840100604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Neurath A. R., Kent S. B., Strick N., Parker K. Identification and chemical synthesis of a host cell receptor binding site on hepatitis B virus. Cell. 1986 Aug 1;46(3):429–436. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90663-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Neurath A. R., Strick N. Antigenic mimicry of an immunoglobulin A epitope by a hepatitis B virus cell attachment site. Virology. 1990 Oct;178(2):631–634. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90368-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Nouri-Aria K. T., Alexander G. J., Magrin S., Anderson M. G., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Differential effect of alpha-interferons on CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. J Hepatol. 1988 Aug;7(1):1–6. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(88)80500-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Nouri-Aria K. T., Hegarty J. E., Alexander G. J., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. Effect of corticosteroids on suppressor-cell activity in "autoimmune" and viral chronic active hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1982 Nov 18;307(21):1301–1304. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198211183072102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Nouri-Aria K. T., Magrin S., Alexander G. J., Anderson M. G., Williams R., Eddleston A. L. Abnormal T-cell activation in chronic hepatitis B viral infection: a consequence of monocyte dysfunction? Immunology. 1988 Aug;64(4):733–738. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Ou J. H., Laub O., Rutter W. J. Hepatitis B virus gene function: the precore region targets the core antigen to cellular membranes and causes the secretion of the e antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Mar;83(6):1578–1582. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1578. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Ou J. H., Rutter W. J. Regulation of secretion of the hepatitis B virus major surface antigen by the preS-1 protein. J Virol. 1987 Mar;61(3):782–786. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.3.782-786.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Ou J. H., Yeh C. T., Yen T. S. Transport of hepatitis B virus precore protein into the nucleus after cleavage of its signal peptide. J Virol. 1989 Dec;63(12):5238–5243. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5238-5243.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Panda S. K., Datta R., Kaur J., Zuckerman A. J., Nayak N. C. Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: recovery of virus-like particles from an epidemic in south Delhi and transmission studies in rhesus monkeys. Hepatology. 1989 Oct;10(4):466–472. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840100411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Persing D. H., Varmus H. E., Ganem D. Antibodies to pre-S and X determinants arise during natural infection with ground squirrel hepatitis virus. J Virol. 1986 Oct;60(1):177–184. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.1.177-184.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Persing D. H., Varmus H. E., Ganem D. Inhibition of secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen by a related presurface polypeptide. Science. 1986 Dec 12;234(4782):1388–1391. doi: 10.1126/science.3787251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Petit M. A., Pillot J. HBc and HBe antigenicity and DNA-binding activity of major core protein P22 in hepatitis B virus core particles isolated from the cytoplasm of human liver cells. J Virol. 1985 Feb;53(2):543–551. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.2.543-551.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Phillips M. J., Blendis L. M., Poucell S., offterson J., Petric M., Roberts E., Levy G. A., Superina R. A., Greig P. D., Cameron R. Syncytial giant-cell hepatitis. Sporadic hepatitis with distinctive pathological features, a severe clinical course, and paramyxoviral features. N Engl J Med. 1991 Feb 14;324(7):455–460. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199102143240705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Ramalingaswami V., Purcell R. H. Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet. 1988 Mar 12;1(8585):571–573. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91362-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Realdi G., Alberti A., Rugge M., Bortolotti F., Rigoli A. M., Tremolada F., Ruol A. Seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to anti-HBe in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology. 1980 Aug;79(2):195–199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Reed W. D., Eddleston A. L., Cullens H., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J., Peters D. K., Williams D. G., Maycock W. A. Infusion of hepatitis-B antibody in antigen-positive active chronic hepatitis. Lancet. 1973 Dec 15;2(7842):1347–1351. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)93321-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Reed W. D., Mitchell C. G., Eddleston A. L., Lee W. M., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Exposure and immunity to hepatitis-B virus in a liver unit. Lancet. 1974 Apr 6;1(7858):581–583. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)92646-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Reed W. D., Mitchell C. G., Eddleston A. L., Lee W. M., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Exposure and immunity to hepatitis-B virus in a liver unit. Lancet. 1974 Apr 6;1(7858):581–583. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)92646-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Reed W. D., Stern R. B., Eddleston A. L., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J., Bowes A., Earl P. M. Detection of hepatitis-B antigen by radioimmunoassay in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in Great Britain. Lancet. 1973 Sep 29;2(7831):690–694. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)92534-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Reed W. D., Stern R. B., Eddleston A. L., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J., Bowes A., Earl P. M. Detection of hepatitis-B antigen by radioimmunoassay in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in Great Britain. Lancet. 1973 Sep 29;2(7831):690–694. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)92534-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Reyes G. R., Purdy M. A., Kim J. P., Luk K. C., Young L. M., Fry K. E., Bradley D. W. Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science. 1990 Mar 16;247(4948):1335–1339. doi: 10.1126/science.2107574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Rizzetto M., Canese M. G., Aricò S., Crivelli O., Trepo C., Bonino F., Verme G. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut. 1977 Dec;18(12):997–1003. doi: 10.1136/gut.18.12.997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Rizzetto M., Rosina F., Saracco G., Bellando P. C., Actis G. C., Bonino F., Smedile A., Trinchero P., Sansalvadore F., Pintus C. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis with alpha-2 recombinant interferon. J Hepatol. 1986;3 (Suppl 2):S229–S233. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(86)80125-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Roossinck M. J., Jameel S., Loukin S. H., Siddiqui A. Expression of hepatitis B viral core region in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 May;6(5):1393–1400. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.5.1393. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Saracco G., Ponzetto A., Forzani B., Hele C., Rosina F., Lostia O., Caiola S., Rizzetto M. HDV infection from blood and blood products. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;234:361–365. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Schlicht H. J., Radziwill G., Schaller H. Synthesis and encapsidation of duck hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase do not require formation of core-polymerase fusion proteins. Cell. 1989 Jan 13;56(1):85–92. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90986-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Schlicht H. J., Salfeld J., Schaller H. The duck hepatitis B virus pre-C region encodes a signal sequence which is essential for synthesis and secretion of processed core proteins but not for virus formation. J Virol. 1987 Dec;61(12):3701–3709. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.12.3701-3709.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Seeger C., Ganem D., Varmus H. E. Biochemical and genetic evidence for the hepatitis B virus replication strategy. Science. 1986 Apr 25;232(4749):477–484. doi: 10.1126/science.3961490. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Seto E., Yen T. S., Peterlin B. M., Ou J. H. Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by the hepatitis B virus X protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(21):8286–8290. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.8286. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Sharmeen L., Kuo M. Y., Dinter-Gottlieb G., Taylor J. Antigenomic RNA of human hepatitis delta virus can undergo self-cleavage. J Virol. 1988 Aug;62(8):2674–2679. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.8.2674-2679.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Sharmeen L., Kuo M. Y., Taylor J. Self-ligating RNA sequences on the antigenome of human hepatitis delta virus. J Virol. 1989 Mar;63(3):1428–1430. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.3.1428-1430.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Sheron N., Lau J. Y., Daniels H. M., Webster J., Eddleston A. L., Alexander G. J., Williams R. Tumour necrosis factor to treat chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 1990 Aug 4;336(8710):321–322. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91866-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Sheron N., Lau J., Daniels H., Goka J., Eddleston A., Alexander G. J., Williams R. Increased production of tumour necrosis factor alpha in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 1991 Mar;12(2):241–245. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(91)90945-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Shih J. W., Mur J. I., Alter H. J. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: advances and unfulfilled expectations of the first decade. Prog Liver Dis. 1986;8:433–452. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Shimizu Y. K., Feinstone S. M., Purcell R. H., Alter H. J., London W. T. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: ultrastructural evidence for two agents in experimentally infected chimpanzees. Science. 1979 Jul 13;205(4402):197–200. doi: 10.1126/science.451589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Sirchia G., Bellobuono A., Giovanetti A., Marconi M. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Italian blood donors. Lancet. 1989 Sep 30;2(8666):797–797. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90852-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Sjogren M. H., Tanno H., Fay O., Sileoni S., Cohen B. D., Burke D. S., Feighny R. J. Hepatitis A virus in stool during clinical relapse. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Feb;106(2):221–226. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Smedile A., Bergmann K. F., Baroudy B. M., Wells F. V., Purcell R. H., Bonino F., Rizzetto M., Gerin J. L. Riboprobe assay for HDV RNA: a sensitive method for the detection of the HDV genome in clinical serum samples. J Med Virol. 1990 Jan;30(1):20–24. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890300105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Smedile A., Farci P., Verme G., Caredda F., Cargnel A., Caporaso N., Dentico P., Trepo C., Opolon P., Gimson A. Influence of delta infection on severity of hepatitis B. Lancet. 1982 Oct 30;2(8305):945–947. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90156-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Smedile A., Lavarini C., Crivelli O., Raimondo G., Fassone M., Rizzetto M. Radioimmunoassay detection of IgM antibodies to the HBV-associated delta (delta) antigen:" clinical significance in delta infection. J Med Virol. 1982;9(2):131–138. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890090208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Smedile A., Rizzetto M., Denniston K., Bonino F., Wells F., Verme G., Consolo F., Hoyer B., Purcell R. H., Gerin J. L. Type D hepatitis: the clinical significance of hepatitis D virus RNA in serum as detected by a hybridization-based assay. Hepatology. 1986 Nov-Dec;6(6):1297–1302. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840060612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Spandau D. F., Lee C. H. trans-activation of viral enhancers by the hepatitis B virus X protein. J Virol. 1988 Feb;62(2):427–434. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.2.427-434.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Standring D. N., Ou J. H., Rutter W. J. Assembly of viral particles in Xenopus oocytes: pre-surface-antigens regulate secretion of the hepatitis B viral surface envelope particle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(24):9338–9342. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.24.9338. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Stapleton J. T., Lemon S. M. Neutralization escape mutants define a dominant immunogenic neutralization site on hepatitis A virus. J Virol. 1987 Feb;61(2):491–498. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.2.491-498.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Takahashi K., Kishimoto S., Ohnuma H., Machida A., Takai E., Tsuda F., Miyamoto H., Tanaka T., Matsushita K., Oda K. Polypeptides coded for by the region pre-S and gene S of hepatitis B virus DNA with the receptor for polymerized human serum albumin: expression on hepatitis B particles produced in the HBeAg or anti-HBe phase of hepatitis B virus infection. J Immunol. 1986 May 1;136(9):3467–3472. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Takamizawa A., Mori C., Fuke I., Manabe S., Murakami S., Fujita J., Onishi E., Andoh T., Yoshida I., Okayama H. Structure and organization of the hepatitis C virus genome isolated from human carriers. J Virol. 1991 Mar;65(3):1105–1113. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.3.1105-1113.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Takeuchi K., Kubo Y., Boonmar S., Watanabe Y., Katayama T., Choo Q. L., Kuo G., Houghton M., Saito I., Miyamura T. The putative nucleocapsid and envelope protein genes of hepatitis C virus determined by comparison of the nucleotide sequences of two isolates derived from an experimentally infected chimpanzee and healthy human carriers. J Gen Virol. 1990 Dec;71(Pt 12):3027–3033. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-12-3027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Taylor J., Mason W., Summers J., Goldberg J., Aldrich C., Coates L., Gerin J., Gowans E. Replication of human hepatitis delta virus in primary cultures of woodchuck hepatocytes. J Virol. 1987 Sep;61(9):2891–2895. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.9.2891-2895.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Thomas H. C., Farci P., Shein R., Karayiannis P., Smedile A., Caruso L., Gerin J. Inhibition of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication by lymphoblastoid human alpha interferon. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;234:277–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Thung S. N., Gerber M. A. Albumin binding sites of human hepatocytes. Liver. 1983 Oct;3(5):290–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1983.tb00880.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Thung S. N., Gerber M. A., Klion F., Gilbert H. Massive hepatic necrosis after chemotherapy withdrawal in a hepatitis B virus carrier. Arch Intern Med. 1985 Jul;145(7):1313–1314. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Thung S. N., Gerber M. A. Polyalbumin receptors: their role in the attachment of hepatitis B virus to hepatocytes. Semin Liver Dis. 1984 Feb;4(1):69–75. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1040647. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Ticehurst J. R. Hepatitis A virus: clones, cultures, and vaccines. Semin Liver Dis. 1986 Feb;6(1):46–55. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1040793. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Tiollais P., Pourcel C., Dejean A. The hepatitis B virus. Nature. 1985 Oct 10;317(6037):489–495. doi: 10.1038/317489a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Trevisan A., Gudat F., Guggenheim R., Krey G., Dürmüller U., Lüond G., Düggelin M., Landmann J., Tondelli P., Bianchi L. Demonstration of albumin receptors on isolated human hepatocytes by light and scanning electron microscopy. Hepatology. 1982 Nov-Dec;2(6):832–835. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840020616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Tsiquaye K. N., Bird R. G., Tovey G., Wyke R. J., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Further evidence of cellular changes associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Med Virol. 1980;5(1):63–71. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890050108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Tur-Kaspa R., Burk R. D., Shaul Y., Shafritz D. A. Hepatitis B virus DNA contains a glucocorticoid-responsive element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Mar;83(6):1627–1631. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1627. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Tur-Kaspa R., Laub O. Corticosteroids stimulate hepatitis B virus DNA, mRNA and protein production in a stable expression system. J Hepatol. 1990 Jul;11(1):34–36. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(90)90268-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Twu J. S., Chu K., Robinson W. S. Hepatitis B virus X gene activates kappa B-like enhancer sequences in the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(13):5168–5172. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5168. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Twu J. S., Robinson W. S. Hepatitis B virus X gene can transactivate heterologous viral sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(6):2046–2050. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.6.2046. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Twu J. S., Schloemer R. H. Transcriptional trans-activating function of hepatitis B virus. J Virol. 1987 Nov;61(11):3448–3453. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.11.3448-3453.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Uy A., Bruss V., Gerlich W. H., Köchel H. G., Thomssen R. Precore sequence of hepatitis B virus inducing e antigen and membrane association of the viral core protein. Virology. 1986 Nov;155(1):89–96. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90170-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Vallbracht A., Gabriel P., Maier K., Hartmann F., Steinhardt H. J., Müller C., Wolf A., Manncke K. H., Flehmig B. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in hepatitis A virus infection. Hepatology. 1986 Nov-Dec;6(6):1308–1314. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840060614. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Vallbracht A., Gabriel P., Zahn J., Flehmig B. Hepatitis A virus infection and the interferon system. J Infect Dis. 1985 Jul;152(1):211–213. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.1.211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Vento S., Hegarty J. E., Alberti A., O'Brien C. J., Alexander G. J., Eddleston A. L., Williams R. T lymphocyte sensitization to HBcAg and T cell-mediated unresponsiveness to HBsAg in hepatitis B virus-related chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 1985 Mar-Apr;5(2):192–197. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840050206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Vento S., Rondanelli E. G., Ranieri S., O'Brien C. J., Williams R., Eddleston A. L. Prospective study of cellular immunity to hepatitis-B-virus antigens from the early incubation phase of acute hepatitis B. Lancet. 1987 Jul 18;2(8551):119–122. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92329-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Weimer T., Salfeld J., Will H. Expression of the hepatitis B virus core gene in vitro and in vivo. J Virol. 1987 Oct;61(10):3109–3113. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.10.3109-3113.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Weiner A. J., Kuo G., Bradley D. W., Bonino F., Saracco G., Lee C., Rosenblatt J., Choo Q. L., Houghton M. Detection of hepatitis C viral sequences in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet. 1990 Jan 6;335(8680):1–3. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90134-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Wong D. C., Purcell R. H., Sreenivasan M. A., Prasad S. R., Pavri K. M. Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: evidence for a non-A, non-B hepatitis virus aetiology. Lancet. 1980 Oct 25;2(8200):876–879. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)92045-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Woolf I. L., El Sheikh N., Cullens H., Lee W. M., Eddleston A. L., Williams R., Zuckerman A. J. Enhanced HBsAb production in pathogenesis of fulminant viral hepatitis type B. Br Med J. 1976 Sep 18;2(6037):669–671. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6037.669. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Wu H. N., Lai M. M. Reversible cleavage and ligation of hepatitis delta virus RNA. Science. 1989 Feb 3;243(4891):652–654. doi: 10.1126/science.2492677. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Wu H. N., Lin Y. J., Lin F. P., Makino S., Chang M. F., Lai M. M. Human hepatitis delta virus RNA subfragments contain an autocleavage activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(6):1831–1835. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.6.1831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Wyke R. J., Tsiquaye K. N., Thornton A., White Y., Portmann B., Das P. K., Zuckerman A. J., Williams R. Transmission of non-A non-B hepatitis to chimpanzees by factor-IX concentrates after fatal complications in patients with chronic liver disease. Lancet. 1979 Mar 10;1(8115):520–524. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90945-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Yang N. Y., Yu P. H., Mao Z. X., Chen N. L., Chai S. A., Mao J. S. Inapparent infection of hepatitis A virus. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Mar;127(3):599–604. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Yu M. W., Finlayson J. S., Shih J. W. Interaction between various polymerized human albumins and hepatitis B surface antigen. J Virol. 1985 Sep;55(3):736–743. doi: 10.1128/jvi.55.3.736-743.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES