Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (138.6 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abramson M. J., Bailey M. J., Couper F. J., Driver J. S., Drummer O. H., Forbes A. B., McNeil J. J., Haydn Walters E., Victorian Asthma Mortality Study Group Are asthma medications and management related to deaths from asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Jan;163(1):12–18. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.9910042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Abroug F., Nouira S., Bchir A., Boujdaria R., Elatrous S., Bouchoucha S. A controlled trial of nebulized salbutamol and adrenaline in acute severe asthma. Intensive Care Med. 1995 Jan;21(1):18–23. doi: 10.1007/BF02425149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Appel D., Rubenstein R., Schrager K., Williams M. H., Jr Lactic acidosis in severe asthma. Am J Med. 1983 Oct;75(4):580–584. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90436-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baldwin D. R., Sivardeen Z., Pavord I. D., Knox A. J. Comparison of the effects of salbutamol and adrenaline on airway smooth muscle contractility in vitro and on bronchial reactivity in vivo. Thorax. 1994 Nov;49(11):1103–1108. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.11.1103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Besbes-Ouanes L., Nouira S., Elatrous S., Knani J., Boussarsar M., Abroug F. Continuous versus intermittent nebulization of salbutamol in acute severe asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2000 Sep;36(3):198–203. doi: 10.1067/mem.2000.109169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bloch H., Silverman R., Mancherje N., Grant S., Jagminas L., Scharf S. M. Intravenous magnesium sulfate as an adjunct in the treatment of acute asthma. Chest. 1995 Jun;107(6):1576–1581. doi: 10.1378/chest.107.6.1576. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boulton D. W., Fawcett J. P. The pharmacokinetics of levosalbutamol: what are the clinical implications? Clin Pharmacokinet. 2001 Jan;40(1):23–40. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200140010-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carroll N., Elliot J., Morton A., James A. The structure of large and small airways in nonfatal and fatal asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Feb;147(2):405–410. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.2.405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castle W., Fuller R., Hall J., Palmer J. Serevent nationwide surveillance study: comparison of salmeterol with salbutamol in asthmatic patients who require regular bronchodilator treatment. BMJ. 1993 Apr 17;306(6884):1034–1037. doi: 10.1136/bmj.306.6884.1034. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chande V. T., Skoner D. P. A trial of nebulized magnesium sulfate to reverse bronchospasm in asthmatic patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Sep;21(9):1111–1115. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)80653-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ciarallo L., Brousseau D., Reinert S. Higher-dose intravenous magnesium therapy for children with moderate to severe acute asthma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Oct;154(10):979–983. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.154.10.979. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Corbridge T. C., Hall J. B. The assessment and management of adults with status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 May;151(5):1296–1316. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.5.7735578. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Craven D. E., Lichtenberg D. A., Goularte T. A., Make B. J., McCabe W. R. Contaminated medication nebulizers in mechanical ventilator circuits. Source of bacterial aerosols. Am J Med. 1984 Nov;77(5):834–838. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90520-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Darioli R., Perret C. Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Mar;129(3):385–387. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1984.129.3.385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dhand R., Tobin M. J. Inhaled bronchodilator therapy in mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;156(1):3–10. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9610025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dockhorn R. J., Baumgartner R. A., Leff J. A., Noonan M., Vandormael K., Stricker W., Weinland D. E., Reiss T. F. Comparison of the effects of intravenous and oral montelukast on airway function: a double blind, placebo controlled, three period, crossover study in asthmatic patients. Thorax. 2000 Apr;55(4):260–265. doi: 10.1136/thorax.55.4.260. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Donohue J. F. The expanding role of long-acting beta-agonists. Chest. 2000 Aug;118(2):283–285. doi: 10.1378/chest.118.2.283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drazen J. M., Israel E., O'Byrne P. M. Treatment of asthma with drugs modifying the leukotriene pathway. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 21;340(3):197–206. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199901213400306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drazen J. M., O'Brien J., Sparrow D., Weiss S. T., Martins M. A., Israel E., Fanta C. H. Recovery of leukotriene E4 from the urine of patients with airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Jul;146(1):104–108. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.1.104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duarte A. G., Momii K., Bidani A. Bronchodilator therapy with metered-dose inhaler and spacer versus nebulizer in mechanically ventilated patients: comparison of magnitude and duration of response. Respir Care. 2000 Jul;45(7):817–823. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dworski R., Fitzgerald G. A., Oates J. A., Sheller J. R. Effect of oral prednisone on airway inflammatory mediators in atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Apr;149(4 Pt 1):953–959. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.4.8143061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eason J., Tayler D., Cottam S., Edwards R., Beard C., Peachey T., Lanigan C., Knibb A., Dimond J. Manual chest compression for total bronchospasm. Lancet. 1991 Feb 9;337(8737):366–366. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90998-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Echeverria M., Gelb A. W., Wexler H. R., Ahmad D., Kenefick P. Enflurane and halothane in status asthmaticus. Chest. 1986 Jan;89(1):152–154. doi: 10.1378/chest.89.1.152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eger E. I., 2nd The pharmacology of isoflurane. Br J Anaesth. 1984;56 (Suppl 1):71S–99S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans D. J., Barnes P. J., Cluzel M., O'Connor B. J. Effects of a potent platelet-activating factor antagonist, SR27417A, on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;156(1):11–16. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9611112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Faul J. L., Tormey V. J., Leonard C., Burke C. M., Farmer J., Horne S. J., Poulter L. W. Lung immunopathology in cases of sudden asthma death. Eur Respir J. 1997 Feb;10(2):301–307. doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10020301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Findley L. J., Sahn S. A. The value of chest roentgenograms in acute asthma in adults. Chest. 1981 Nov;80(5):535–536. doi: 10.1378/chest.80.5.535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Finfer S. R., Garrard C. S. Ventilatory support in asthma. Br J Hosp Med. 1993 Mar 3;49(5):357–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fisher M. M., Bowey C. J., Ladd-Hudson K. External chest compression in acute asthma: a preliminary study. Crit Care Med. 1989 Jul;17(7):686–687. doi: 10.1097/00003246-198907000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gal T. J. Pulmonary mechanics in normal subjects following endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology. 1980 Jan;52(1):27–35. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198001000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gay P. C., Patel H. G., Nelson S. B., Gilles B., Hubmayr R. D. Metered dose inhalers for bronchodilator delivery in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients. Chest. 1991 Jan;99(1):66–71. doi: 10.1378/chest.99.1.66. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gluck E. H., Onorato D. J., Castriotta R. Helium-oxygen mixtures in intubated patients with status asthmaticus and respiratory acidosis. Chest. 1990 Sep;98(3):693–698. doi: 10.1378/chest.98.3.693. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green S. M., Rothrock S. G. Intravenous magnesium for acute asthma: failure to decrease emergency treatment duration or need for hospitalization. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Mar;21(3):260–265. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)80885-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Griffin D., Fairman N., Coursin D., Rawsthorne L., Grossman J. E. Acute myopathy during treatment of status asthmaticus with corticosteroids and steroidal muscle relaxants. Chest. 1992 Aug;102(2):510–514. doi: 10.1378/chest.102.2.510. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Habre W., Scalfaro P., Sims C., Tiller K., Sly P. D. Respiratory mechanics during sevoflurane anesthesia in children with and without asthma. Anesth Analg. 1999 Nov;89(5):1177–1181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harvey C. J., O'Doherty M. J., Page C. J., Thomas S. H., Nunan T. O., Treacher D. F. Comparison of jet and ultrasonic nebulizer pulmonary aerosol deposition during mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J. 1997 Apr;10(4):905–909. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harvey C. J., O'Doherty M. J., Page C. J., Thomas S. H., Nunan T. O., Treacher D. F. Effect of a spacer on pulmonary aerosol deposition from a jet nebuliser during mechanical ventilation. Thorax. 1995 Jan;50(1):50–53. doi: 10.1136/thx.50.1.50. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hemming A., MacKenzie I., Finfer S. Response to ketamine in status asthmaticus resistant to maximal medical treatment. Thorax. 1994 Jan;49(1):90–91. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.1.90. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hill A. R. Respiratory muscle function in asthma. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys. 1991;2(3):100–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirshman C. A., Edelstein G., Peetz S., Wayne R., Downes H. Mechanism of action of inhalational anesthesia on airways. Anesthesiology. 1982 Feb;56(2):107–111. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198202000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Howton J. C., Rose J., Duffy S., Zoltanski T., Levitt M. A. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous ketamine in acute asthma. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Feb;27(2):170–175. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(96)70319-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Högman M., Frostell C. G., Hedenström H., Hedenstierna G. Inhalation of nitric oxide modulates adult human bronchial tone. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Dec;148(6 Pt 1):1474–1478. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.6_Pt_1.1474. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Idris A. H., McDermott M. F., Raucci J. C., Morrabel A., McGorray S., Hendeles L. Emergency department treatment of severe asthma. Metered-dose inhaler plus holding chamber is equivalent in effectiveness to nebulizer. Chest. 1993 Mar;103(3):665–672. doi: 10.1378/chest.103.3.665. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kallenbach J. M., Frankel A. H., Lapinsky S. E., Thornton A. S., Blott J. A., Smith C., Feldman C., Zwi S. Determinants of near fatality in acute severe asthma. Am J Med. 1993 Sep;95(3):265–272. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90278-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kass J. E., Terregino C. A. The effect of heliox in acute severe asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Chest. 1999 Aug;116(2):296–300. doi: 10.1378/chest.116.2.296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kearney S. E., Graham D. R., Atherton S. T. Acute severe asthma treated by mechanical ventilation: a comparison of the changing characteristics over a 17 yr period. Respir Med. 1998 May;92(5):716–721. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(98)90001-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Korenaga S., Takeda K., Ito Y. Differential effects of halothane on airway nerves and muscle. Anesthesiology. 1984 Apr;60(4):309–318. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198404000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kuitert L. M., Barnes N. C. Leukotriene receptor antagonists: useful in acute asthma? Thorax. 2000 Apr;55(4):255–256. doi: 10.1136/thorax.55.4.255. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- L'Hommedieu C. S., Arens J. J. The use of ketamine for the emergency intubation of patients with status asthmaticus. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 May;16(5):568–571. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(87)80688-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lakshminarayan S., Sahn S. A., Weil J. V. Effect of aminophylline on ventilatory responses in normal man. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 Jan;117(1):33–38. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1978.117.1.33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lang D. M., Simon R. A., Mathison D. A., Timms R. M., Stevenson D. D. Safety and possible efficacy of fiberoptic bronchoscopy with lavage in the management of refractory asthma with mucous impaction. Ann Allergy. 1991 Sep;67(3):324–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lange C. F., Finlay W. H. Overcoming the adverse effect of humidity in aerosol delivery via pressurized metered-dose inhalers during mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 May;161(5):1614–1618. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9909032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leatherman J. W., Fluegel W. L., David W. S., Davies S. F., Iber C. Muscle weakness in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 May;153(5):1686–1690. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.5.8630621. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leatherman J. Life-threatening asthma. Clin Chest Med. 1994 Sep;15(3):453–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lim T. K. Status asthmaticus in a medical intensive care. Singapore Med J. 1989 Aug;30(4):334–338. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lin R. Y., Sauter D., Newman T., Sirleaf J., Walters J., Tavakol M. Continuous versus intermittent albuterol nebulization in the treatment of acute asthma. Ann Emerg Med. 1993 Dec;22(12):1847–1853. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)80412-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lin R. Y., Smith A. J., Hergenroeder P. High serum albuterol levels and tachycardia in adult asthmatics treated with high-dose continuously aerosolized albuterol. Chest. 1993 Jan;103(1):221–225. doi: 10.1378/chest.103.1.221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lipworth B. J., Jackson C. M., Ziyaie D., Winter J. H., Dhillon P. D., Clark R. A. An audit of acute asthma admissions to a respiratory unit. Health Bull (Edinb) 1992 Sep;50(5):389–398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lougheed D. M., Webb K. A., O'Donnell D. E. Breathlessness during induced lung hyperinflation in asthma: the role of the inspiratory threshold load. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Sep;152(3):911–920. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.3.7663804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maltais F., Reissmann H., Navalesi P., Hernandez P., Gursahaney A., Ranieri V. M., Sovilj M., Gottfried S. B. Comparison of static and dynamic measurements of intrinsic PEEP in mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Nov;150(5 Pt 1):1318–1324. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.5.7952559. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mansel J. K., Stogner S. W., Norman J. R. Face-mask CPAP and sodium bicarbonate infusion in acute, severe asthma and metabolic acidosis. Chest. 1989 Oct;96(4):943–944. doi: 10.1378/chest.96.4.943. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mansel J. K., Stogner S. W., Petrini M. F., Norman J. R. Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute severe asthma. Am J Med. 1990 Jul;89(1):42–48. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90096-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Margolis B. D., Khachikian D., Friedman Y., Garrard C. Prolonged reversible quadriparesis in mechanically ventilated patients who received long-term infusions of vecuronium. Chest. 1991 Sep;100(3):877–878. doi: 10.1378/chest.100.3.877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marquette C. H., Saulnier F., Leroy O., Wallaert B., Chopin C., Demarcq J. M., Durocher A., Tonnel A. B. Long-term prognosis of near-fatal asthma. A 6-year follow-up study of 145 asthmatic patients who underwent mechanical ventilation for a near-fatal attack of asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Jul;146(1):76–81. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.1.76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McNamara R. M., Spivey W. H., Skobeloff E., Jacubowitz S. Intravenous magnesium sulfate in the management of acute respiratory failure complicating asthma. Ann Emerg Med. 1989 Feb;18(2):197–199. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(89)80114-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meduri G. U., Turner R. E., Abou-Shala N., Wunderink R., Tolley E. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation via face mask. First-line intervention in patients with acute hypercapnic and hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest. 1996 Jan;109(1):179–193. doi: 10.1378/chest.109.1.179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Molfino N. A., Nannini L. J., Martelli A. N., Slutsky A. S. Respiratory arrest in near-fatal asthma. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jan 31;324(5):285–288. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199101313240502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Molfino N. A., Nannini L. J., Rebuck A. S., Slutsky A. S. The fatality-prone asthmatic patient. Follow-up study after near-fatal attacks. Chest. 1992 Mar;101(3):621–623. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.3.621. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mountain R. D., Sahn S. A. Clinical features and outcome in patients with acute asthma presenting with hypercapnia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Sep;138(3):535–539. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/138.3.535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Murciano D., Auclair M. H., Pariente R., Aubier M. A randomized, controlled trial of theophylline in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jun 8;320(23):1521–1525. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198906083202304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Myrianthefs M. M., Nicolaides E. P., Pitiris D., Demetriades E. I., Zambartas C. M. False positive ST-segment depression during exercise in subjects with short PR segment and angiographically normal coronaries: correlation with exercise-induced ST depression in subjects with normal PR and normal coronaries. J Electrocardiol. 1998 Jul;31(3):203–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Padkin A. J., Baigel G., Morgan G. A. Halothane treatment of severe asthma to avoid mechanical ventilation. Anaesthesia. 1997 Oct;52(10):994–997. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.208-az0345.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Papo M. C., Frank J., Thompson A. E. A prospective, randomized study of continuous versus intermittent nebulized albuterol for severe status asthmaticus in children. Crit Care Med. 1993 Oct;21(10):1479–1486. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199310000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Patel A., Harrison E., Durward A., Murdoch I. A. Intratracheal recombinant human deoxyribonuclease in acute life-threatening asthma refractory to conventional treatment. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Apr;84(4):505–507. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reid L. M. The presence or absence of bronchial mucus in fatal asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987 Sep;80(3 Pt 2):415–416. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90064-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Richards G. N., Kolbe J., Fenwick J., Rea H. H. Demographic characteristics of patients with severe life threatening asthma: comparison with asthma deaths. Thorax. 1993 Nov;48(11):1105–1109. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.11.1105. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rodrigo C., Rodrigo G. Treatment of acute asthma. Lack of therapeutic benefit and increase of the toxicity from aminophylline given in addition to high doses of salbutamol delivered by metered-dose inhaler with a spacer. Chest. 1994 Oct;106(4):1071–1076. doi: 10.1378/chest.106.4.1071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rodrigo G., Rodrigo C. Assessment of the patient with acute asthma in the emergency department. A factor analytic study. Chest. 1993 Nov;104(5):1325–1328. doi: 10.1378/chest.104.5.1325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rudnitsky G. S., Eberlein R. S., Schoffstall J. M., Mazur J. E., Spivey W. H. Comparison of intermittent and continuously nebulized albuterol for treatment of asthma in an urban emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1993 Dec;22(12):1842–1846. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)80411-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saetta M., Di Stefano A., Rosina C., Thiene G., Fabbri L. M. Quantitative structural analysis of peripheral airways and arteries in sudden fatal asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Jan;143(1):138–143. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.1.138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salmeron S., Brochard L., Mal H., Tenaillon A., Henry-Amar M., Renon D., Duroux P., Simonneau G. Nebulized versus intravenous albuterol in hypercapnic acute asthma. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Jun;149(6):1466–1470. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.6.8004299. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sandford A. J., Paré P. D. The genetics of asthma. The important questions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Mar;161(3 Pt 2):S202–S206. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.supplement_2.a1q4-11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saulnier F. F., Durocher A. V., Deturck R. A., Lefèbvre M. C., Wattel F. E. Respiratory and hemodynamic effects of halothane in status asthmaticus. Intensive Care Med. 1990;16(2):104–107. doi: 10.1007/BF02575303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Scharf S. M., Heimer D., Walters M. Bronchial challenge with room temperature isocapnic hyperventilation. A comparison with histamine challenge. Chest. 1985 Oct;88(4):586–593. doi: 10.1378/chest.88.4.586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shapiro M. B., Kleaveland A. C., Bartlett R. H. Extracorporeal life support for status asthmaticus. Chest. 1993 Jun;103(6):1651–1654. doi: 10.1378/chest.103.6.1651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shivaram U., Miro A. M., Cash M. E., Finch P. J., Heurich A. E., Kamholz S. L. Cardiopulmonary responses to continuous positive airway pressure in acute asthma. J Crit Care. 1993 Jun;8(2):87–92. doi: 10.1016/0883-9441(93)90012-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shugg A. W., Kerr S., Butt W. W. Mechanical ventilation of paediatric patients with asthma: short and long term outcome. J Paediatr Child Health. 1990 Dec;26(6):343–346. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1990.tb02449.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Silverman R. Treatment of acute asthma. A new look at the old and at the new. Clin Chest Med. 2000 Jun;21(2):361–379. doi: 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70272-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steedman D. J., Robertson C. E. Emergency endotracheal drug administration using aerosol. Resuscitation. 1987 Jun;15(2):135–139. doi: 10.1016/0300-9572(87)90024-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thomas S. H., O'Doherty M. J., Fidler H. M., Page C. J., Treacher D. F., Nunan T. O. Pulmonary deposition of a nebulised aerosol during mechanical ventilation. Thorax. 1993 Feb;48(2):154–159. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.2.154. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Turner M. O., Noertjojo K., Vedal S., Bai T., Crump S., Fitzgerald J. M. Risk factors for near-fatal asthma. A case-control study in hospitalized patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jun;157(6 Pt 1):1804–1809. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.9708092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tuxen D. V. Detrimental effects of positive end-expiratory pressure during controlled mechanical ventilation of patients with severe airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Jul;140(1):5–9. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/140.1.5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tuxen D. V., Williams T. J., Scheinkestel C. D., Czarny D., Bowes G. Use of a measurement of pulmonary hyperinflation to control the level of mechanical ventilation in patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Nov;146(5 Pt 1):1136–1142. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.5_Pt_1.1136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ward A. J., McKenniff M., Evans J. M., Page C. P., Costello J. F. Theophylline--an immunomodulatory role in asthma? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Mar;147(3):518–523. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.3.518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wasserfallen J. B., Schaller M. D., Feihl F., Perret C. H. Sudden asphyxic asthma: a distinct entity? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Jul;142(1):108–111. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/142.1.108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Watts J. I. Thoracic compression for asthma. Chest. 1984 Sep;86(3):505–505. doi: 10.1378/chest.86.3.505b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weksler N., Brill S., Tarnapolski A., Gurman G. M. Intranasal salbutamol instillation in asthma attack. Am J Emerg Med. 1999 Nov;17(7):686–688. doi: 10.1016/s0735-6757(99)90160-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- White C. S., Cole R. P., Lubetsky H. W., Austin J. H. Acute asthma. Admission chest radiography in hospitalized adult patients. Chest. 1991 Jul;100(1):14–16. doi: 10.1378/chest.100.1.14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zainudin B. M., Ismail O., Yusoff K. Effect of adding aminophylline infusion to nebulised salbutamol in severe acute asthma. Thorax. 1994 Mar;49(3):267–269. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.3.267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zimmerman J. L., Dellinger R. P., Shah A. N., Taylor R. W. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in severe asthma. Crit Care Med. 1993 Nov;21(11):1727–1730. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199311000-00023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]