Skip to main content
The Behavior Analyst logoLink to The Behavior Analyst
. 2005;28(2):99–131. doi: 10.1007/BF03392108

B. F. Skinner's contributions to applied behavior analysis

Edward K Morris, Nathaniel G Smith, Deborah E Altus
PMCID: PMC2755377  PMID: 22478444

Abstract

Our paper reviews and analyzes B. F. Skinner's contributions to applied behavior analysis in order to assess his role as the field's originator and founder. We found, first, that his contributions fall into five categorizes: the style and content of his science, his interpretations of typical and atypical human behavior, the implications he drew from his science for application, his descriptions of possible applications, and his own applications to nonhuman and human behavior. Second, we found that he explicitly or implicitly addressed all seven dimensions of applied behavior analysis. These contributions and the dimensions notwithstanding, he neither incorporated the field's scientific (e.g., analytic) and social dimensions (e.g., applied) into any program of published research such that he was its originator, nor did he systematically integrate, advance, and promote the dimensions so to have been its founder. As the founder of behavior analysis, however, he was the father of applied behavior analysis.

Keywords: B. F. Skinner, behavior analysis, applied behavior analysis, history

Full text

PDF
125

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ALLEN K. E., HART B., BUELL J. S., HARRIS F. R., WOLF M. M. EFFECTS OF SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT ON ISOLATE BEHAVIOR OF A NURSERY SCHOOL CHILD. Child Dev. 1964 Jun;35:511–518. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1964.tb05188.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. AYLLON T., AZRIN N. H. REINFORCEMENT AND INSTRUCTIONS WITH MENTAL PATIENTS. J Exp Anal Behav. 1964 Jul;7:327–331. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1964.7-327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. AYLLON T., HAUGHTON E. Control of the behavior of schizophrenic patients by food. J Exp Anal Behav. 1962 Jul;5:343–352. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1962.5-343. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. AYLLON T., HAUGHTON E., HUGHES H. B. INTERPRETATION OF SYMPTOMS: FACT OR FICTION? Behav Res Ther. 1965 Aug;3:1–7. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(65)90037-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. AYLLON T., HAUGHTON E., OSMOND H. O. CHRONIC ANOREXIA: A BEHAVIOUR PROBLEM. Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1964 Apr;9:147–154. doi: 10.1177/070674376400900210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. AYLLON T. INTENSIVE TREATMENT OF PSYCHOTIC BEHAVIOUR BY STIMULUS SATIATION AND FOOD REINFORCEMENT. Behav Res Ther. 1963 May;1:53–61. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(63)90008-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. AYLLON T., MICHAEL J. The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer. J Exp Anal Behav. 1959 Oct;2:323–334. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1959.2-323. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ayllon T., Azrin N. H. The measurement and reinforcement of behavior of psychotics. J Exp Anal Behav. 1965 Nov;8(6):357–383. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1965.8-357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. BAER D. M. Laboratory control of thumbsucking by withdrawal and re-presentation of reinforcement. J Exp Anal Behav. 1962 Oct;5:525–528. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1962.5-525. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. BARRETT B. H., LINDSLEY O. R. Deficits in acquisition of operant discrimination and differentiation shown by institutionalized retarded children. Am J Ment Defic. 1962 Nov;67:424–436. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. BRADY J. V. Assessment of drug effects on emotional behavior. Science. 1956 Jun 8;123(3206):1033–1034. doi: 10.1126/science.123.3206.1033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. BRELAND K., BRELAND M. A field of applied animal psychology. Am Psychol. 1951 Jun;6(6):202–204. doi: 10.1037/h0063451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Baer D. M., Wolf M. M., Risley T. R. Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Spring;1(1):91–97. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Baer D. M., Wolf M. M. Some still-current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. J Appl Behav Anal. 1987 Winter;20(4):313–327. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1987.20-313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bergman Jack, Katz Jonathan L., Miczek Klaus A. The experimental imperative. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002 Aug 28;163(3-4):249–250. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1226-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bijou S. W., Orlando R. Rapid development of multiple-schedule performances with retarded children. J Exp Anal Behav. 1961 Jan;4(1):7–16. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1961.4-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Birnbrauer J. S. Applied behavior analysis, service and the acquisition of knowledge. Behav Anal. 1979 Spring;2(1):15–21. doi: 10.1007/BF03391830. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bushell D., Wrobel P. A., Michaelis M. L. Applying "group" contingencies to the classroom study behavior of preschool children. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Spring;1(1):55–61. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-55. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Catania A. Charles. B. F. Skinner's Science and Human Behavior: its antecedents and its consequences. J Exp Anal Behav. 2003 Nov;80(3):313–320. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2003.80-313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Catania A., Laties V. Pavlov And Skinner: Two Lives In Science (An Introduction To B. F. Skinner's "Some Responses To The Stimulus 'Pavlov' "). J Exp Anal Behav. 1999 Nov;72(3):455–461. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1999.72-455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. DEWS P. B. Modification by drugs of performance on simple schedules of positive reinforcement. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1956 Nov 2;65(4):268–281. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1956.tb49639.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Deitz S. M. Two correct definitions of "Applied". Behav Anal. 1983 Spring;6(1):105–106. doi: 10.1007/BF03391877. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Dews P. B. An outsider on the inside. J Exp Anal Behav. 1987 Nov;48(3):459–462. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1987.48-459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Epstein R., Lanza R. P., Skinner B. F. "Self-awareness" in the pigeon. Science. 1981 May 8;212(4495):695–696. doi: 10.1126/science.212.4495.695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Epstein R., Lanza R. P., Skinner B. F. Symbolic Communication Between Two Pigeons, (Columba livia domestica). Science. 1980 Feb 1;207(4430):543–545. doi: 10.1126/science.207.4430.543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. FERSTER C. B., DEMYER M. K. A method for the experimental analysis of the behavior of autistic children. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1962 Jan;32:89–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1962.tb00267.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. FERSTER C. B., DEMYER M. K. The development of performances in autistic children in an automatically controlled environment. J Chronic Dis. 1961 Apr;13:312–345. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(61)90059-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. FERSTER C. B. Positive reinforcement and behavioral deficits of autistic children. Child Dev. 1961 Sep;32:437–456. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1961.tb05042.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. FULLER P. R. Operant conditioning of a vegetative human organism. Am J Psychol. 1949 Oct;62(4):587–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. GREENSPOON J. The reinforcing effect of two spoken sounds on the frequency of two responses. Am J Psychol. 1955 Sep;68(3):409–416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Glenn S. S. Maladaptive functional relations in client verbal behavior. Behav Anal. 1983 Spring;6(1):47–56. doi: 10.1007/BF03391873. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Guess D., Sailor W., Rutherford G., Baer D. M. An experimental analysis of linguistic development: the productive use of the plural morpheme. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Winter;1(4):297–306. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hackenberg T. D. Jacques Loeb, B. F. Skinner, and the legacy of prediction and control. Behav Anal. 1995 Fall;18(2):225–236. doi: 10.1007/BF03392710. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. ISAACS W., THOMAS J., GOLDIAMOND I. Application of operant conditioning to reinstate verbal behavior in psychotics. J Speech Hear Disord. 1960 Feb;25:8–12. doi: 10.1044/jshd.2501.08. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Johnston J. M. Distinguishing between applied research and practice. Behav Anal. 1996 Spring;19(1):35–47. doi: 10.1007/BF03392737. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Johnston M. K., Kelley C. S., Harris F. R., Wolf M. M. An application of reinforcement principles to development of motor skills of a young child. Child Dev. 1966 Jun;37(2):379–387. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1966.tb05394.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. LINDSLEY O. R. Characteristics of the behavior of chronic psychotics as revealed by free-operant conditioning methods. Dis Nerv Syst. 1960 Feb;21(2):66–78. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. LINDSLEY O. R. FREE-OPERANT CONDITIONING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY. Curr Psychiatr Ther. 1963;3:47–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Laties V. G. Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior: The first thirty years (1957-1987). J Exp Anal Behav. 1987 Nov;48(3):495–512. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1987.48-495. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Laties Victor G. Behavior analysis and the growth of behavioral pharmacology. Behav Anal. 2003 Fall;26(2):235–252. doi: 10.1007/BF03392079. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Leitenberg H., Agras W. S., Thompson L. E., Wright D. E. Feedback in behavior modification: an experimental analysis in two phobic cases. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Summer;1(2):131–137. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Lovaas O. I. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987 Feb;55(1):3–9. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.55.1.3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. MORSE W. H., SKINNER B. F. A second type of superstition in the pigeon. Am J Psychol. 1957 Jun;70(2):308–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Marr M. Jackson. A still great voice: the golden sovereignty of Science and Human Behavior. J Exp Anal Behav. 2003 Nov;80(3):311–312. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2003.80-311. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Michael J. Flight from behavior analysis. Behav Anal. 1980 Fall;3(2):1–21. doi: 10.1007/BF03391838. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Michael J. Verbal behavior. J Exp Anal Behav. 1984 Nov;42(3):363–376. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1984.42-363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Michael Jack. Science and Human Behavior: a tutorial in behavior analysis. J Exp Anal Behav. 2003 Nov;80(3):321–328. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2003.80-321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Moore J., Cooper John O. Some proposed relations among the domains of behavior analysis. Behav Anal. 2003 Spring;26(1):69–84. doi: 10.1007/BF03392068. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Morris Edward K., Lazo Junelyn F., Smith Nathaniel G. Whether, when, and why Skinner published on biological participation in behavior. Behav Anal. 2004 Fall;27(2):153–169. doi: 10.1007/BF03393176. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Moxley Roy A. Some more similarities between Peirce and Skinner. Behav Anal. 2002 Fall;25(2):201–214. doi: 10.1007/BF03392058. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. ORLANDO R., BIJOU S. W. Single and multiple schedules of reinforcement in developmentally retarded children. J Exp Anal Behav. 1960 Oct;3:339–348. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1960.3-339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Ollendick T. H., King N. J. Empirically supported treatments for children with phobic and anxiety disorders: current status. J Clin Child Psychol. 1998 Jun;27(2):156–167. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2702_3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2001.34-551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [Google Scholar]
  54. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1984.41-211. [DOI] [PMC free article] [Google Scholar]
  55. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1985.44-129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [Google Scholar]
  56. Peterson Gail B. A day of great illumination: B. F. Skinner's discovery of shaping. J Exp Anal Behav. 2004 Nov;82(3):317–328. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2004.82-317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Peterson L., Homer A. L., Wonderlich S. A. The integrity of independent variables in behavior analysis. J Appl Behav Anal. 1982 Winter;15(4):477–492. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1982.15-477. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Pilgrim Carol. Science and Human Behavior at fifty. J Exp Anal Behav. 2003 Nov;80(3):329–340. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2003.80-329. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Powell J., Azrin N. The effects of shock as a punisher for cigarette smoking. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Spring;1(1):63–71. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. REYNOLDS G. S., CATANIA A. C., SKINNER B. F. Conditioned and unconditioned aggression in pigeons. J Exp Anal Behav. 1963 Jan;6:73–74. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1963.6-73. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. REYNOLDS G. S., SKINNER B. F. Technique for reinforcing either of two organisms with a single food magazine. J Exp Anal Behav. 1962 Jan;5:58–58. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1962.5-58. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. ROGERS C. R., SKINNER B. F. Some issues concerning the control of human behavior; a symposium. Science. 1956 Nov 30;124(3231):1057–1066. doi: 10.1126/science.124.3231.1057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Risley T. R. The effects and side effects of punishing the autistic behaviors of a deviant child. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Spring;1(1):21–34. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Risley T., Wolf M. Establishing functional speech in echolalic children. Behav Res Ther. 1967 May;5(2):73–88. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(67)90001-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Risley Todd. Montrose M. Wolf (1935-2004). J Appl Behav Anal. 2005 Summer;38(2):279–287. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2005.165-04. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Rohles F. H., Jr Orbital bar pressing. A historical note on Skinner and the chimpanzees in space. Am Psychol. 1992 Nov;47(11):1531–1533. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.47.11.1531. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Rutherford Alexandra. B.F. Skinner and the auditory inkblot: The rise and fall of the verbal summator as a projective technique. Hist Psychol. 2003 Nov;6(4):362–378. doi: 10.1037/1093-4510.6.4.362. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Rutherford Alexandra. Skinner boxes for psychotics: operant conditioning at Metropolitan State Hospital. Behav Anal. 2003 Fall;26(2):267–279. doi: 10.1007/BF03392081. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. SKINNER B. F. Are theories of learning necessary? Psychol Rev. 1950 Jul;57(4):193–216. doi: 10.1037/h0054367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. SKINNER B. F. Superstition in the pigeon. J Exp Psychol. 1948 Apr;38(2):168–172. doi: 10.1037/h0055873. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. SKINNER B. F. Teaching machines; from the experimental study of learning come devices which arrange optimal conditions for self instruction. Science. 1958 Oct 24;128(3330):969–977. doi: 10.1126/science.128.3330.969. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. SKINNER B. Two 'synthetic social relations'. J Exp Anal Behav. 1962 Oct;5:531–533. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1962.5-531. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. STAATS A. W. Learning theory and opposite speech. J Abnorm Psychol. 1957 Sep;55(2):268–269. doi: 10.1037/h0043902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. STAATS A. W., STAATS C. K., SCHUTZ R. E., WOLF M. The conditioning of textual responses using "extrinsic" reinforcers. J Exp Anal Behav. 1962 Jan;5:33–40. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1962.5-33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Saville Bryan K., Beal Scott A., Buskist William. Essential readings for graduate students in behavior analysis: A survey of the JEAB and JABA boards of editors. Behav Anal. 2002 Spring;25(1):29–35. doi: 10.1007/BF03392042. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Schneider S. M., Morris E. K. A history of the term radical behaviorism: From Watson to Skinner. Behav Anal. 1987 Spring;10(1):27–39. doi: 10.1007/BF03392404. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Skinner B. F. A thinking aid. J Appl Behav Anal. 1987 Winter;20(4):379–380. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1987.20-379. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Skinner B. F. Contingencies of reinforcement in the design of a culture. Behav Sci. 1966 May;11(3):159–166. doi: 10.1002/bs.3830110302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Skinner B. F. How to discover what you have to say-a talk to students. Behav Anal. 1981 Spring;4(1):1–7. doi: 10.1007/BF03391847. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Skinner B. F. Intellectual self-management in old age. Am Psychol. 1983 Mar;38(3):239–244. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.38.3.239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Skinner B. F. News from nowhere, 1984. Behav Anal. 1985 Spring;8(1):5–14. doi: 10.1007/BF03391908. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Skinner B. F. ON THE CONDITIONS OF ELICITATION OF CERTAIN EATING REFLEXES. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1930 Jun 15;16(6):433–438. doi: 10.1073/pnas.16.6.433. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Skinner B. F. Teaching Science in High School-- What Is Wrong?: Scientists have not brought the methods of science to bear on the improvement of instruction. Science. 1968 Feb 16;159(3816):704–710. doi: 10.1126/science.159.3816.704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Skinner B. F. The operant side of behavior therapy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1988 Sep;19(3):171–179. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(88)90038-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Skinner B. F. What is the experimental analysis of behavior? J Exp Anal Behav. 1966 May;9(3):213–218. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1966.9-213. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Staats A. W. Aberrance in science: Should behavior analysts know about psychological behaviorism? Behav Anal. 1996 Spring;19(1):121–124. doi: 10.1007/BF03392752. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Staats A. W., Butterfield W. H. Treatment of nonreading in a culturally deprived juvenile delinquent: an application of reinforcement principles. Child Dev. 1965 Dec;36(4):925–942. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Sundberg M. L., Michael J. The benefits of Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior for children with autism. Behav Modif. 2001 Oct;25(5):698–724. doi: 10.1177/0145445501255003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Todd J. T., Morris E. K. Misconception and miseducation: Presentations of radical behaviorism in psychology textbooks. Behav Anal. 1983 Fall;6(2):153–160. doi: 10.1007/BF03392394. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Truax C. B. Reinforcement and nonreinforcement in Rogerian psychotherapy. J Abnorm Psychol. 1966 Feb;71(1):1–9. doi: 10.1037/h0022912. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. VERPLANCK W. S. The control of the content of conversation: reinforcement of statements of opinion. J Abnorm Psychol. 1955 Nov;51(3):668–676. doi: 10.1037/h0046514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. WILLIAMS C. D. The elimination of tantrum behavior by extinction procedures. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 1959 Sep;59:269–269. doi: 10.1037/h0046688. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Wolf M. M. Social validity: the case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. J Appl Behav Anal. 1978 Summer;11(2):203–214. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1978.11-203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Wolf M., Risley T., Johnston M., Harris F., Allen E. Application of operant conditioning procedures to the behavior problems of an autistic child: a follow-up and extension. Behav Res Ther. 1967 May;5(2):103–111. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(67)90004-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Zimmerman E. H., Zimmerman J. The alteration of behavior in a special classroom situation. J Exp Anal Behav. 1962 Jan;5(1):59–60. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1962.5-59. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Behavior Analyst are provided here courtesy of Association for Behavior Analysis International

RESOURCES