Skip to main content
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1985 Nov 11;13(21):7543–7549. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.21.7543

Chloroplast promoters from higher plants.

S D Kung, C M Lin
PMCID: PMC322069  PMID: 4069994

Abstract

This survey compiles 60 chloroplast promoter sequences from higher plants published to date and compares them with these sequences from procaryotic systems. The current evidence demonstrates that structurally defined chloroplast promoters are, in most cases, functionally active in initiating gene expression in chloroplasts.

Full text

PDF
7545

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Beynon J., Cannon M., Buchanan-Wollaston V., Cannon F. The nif promoters of Klebsiella pneumoniae have a characteristic primary structure. Cell. 1983 Sep;34(2):665–671. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90399-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Boros I., Csordás-Tóth E., Kiss A., Kiss I., Török I., Udvardy A., Udvardy K., Venetianer P. Identification of two new promoters probably involved in the transcription of a ribosomal RNA gene of Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1983 Mar 10;739(2):173–180. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(83)90027-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Crossland L. D., Rodermel S. R., Bogorad L. Single gene for the large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase in maize yields two differentially regulated mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jul;81(13):4060–4064. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.13.4060. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Deno H., Kato A., Shinozaki K., Sugiura M. Nucleotide sequences of tobacco chloroplast genes for elongator tRNAMet and tRNAVal (UAC): the tRNAVal (UAC) gene contains a long intron. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Dec 11;10(23):7511–7520. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.23.7511. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Deno H., Sugiura M. Chloroplast tRNA gene contains a long intron in the D stem: Nucleotide sequences of tobacco chloroplast genes for tRNA (UCC) and tRNA (UCU). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(2):405–408. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.2.405. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Erion J. L., Tarnowski J., Weissbach H., Brot N. Cloning, mapping, and in vitro transcription-translation of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from spinach chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jun;78(6):3459–3463. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Gatenby A. A., Castleton J. A., Saul M. W. Expression in E. coli of maize and wheat chloroplast genes for large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. Nature. 1981 May 14;291(5811):117–121. doi: 10.1038/291117a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Goloubinoff P., Edelman M., Hallick R. B. Chloroplast-coded atrazine resistance in Solanum nigrum: psbA loci from susceptible and resistant biotypes are isogenic except for a single codon change. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Dec 21;12(24):9489–9496. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.24.9489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hartley M. R., Wheeler A., Ellis R. J. Protein synthesis in chloroplasts. V. Translation of messenger RNA for the large subunit of fraction I protein in a heterologous cell-free system. J Mol Biol. 1975 Jan 5;91(1):67–77. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90372-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hawley D. K., McClure W. R. Compilation and analysis of Escherichia coli promoter DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Apr 25;11(8):2237–2255. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.8.2237. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kato A., Shimada H., Kusuda M., Sugiura M. The nucleotide sequences of two tRNAAsn genes from tobacco chloroplasts. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Nov 11;9(21):5601–5607. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.21.5601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Keus R. J., Dekker A. F., van Roon M. A., Groot G. S. The nucleotide sequences of the regions flanking the genes coding for 23S, 16S and 4.5S ribosomal RNA on chloroplast DNA from Spirodela oligorhiza. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Sep 24;11(18):6465–6474. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.18.6465. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Keus R. J., Roovers D. J., Dekker A. F., Groot G. S. The nucleotide sequence of the 4.5S and 5S rRNA genes and flanking regions from Spirodela oligorhiza chloroplasts. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 May 25;11(10):3405–3410. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.10.3405. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Koch W., Edwards K., Kössel H. Sequencing of the 16S-23S spacer in a ribosomal RNA operon of Zea mays chloroplast DNA reveals two split tRNA genes. Cell. 1981 Jul;25(1):203–213. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90245-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kong X. F., Lovett P. S., Kung S. D. The Nicotiana chloroplast genome. IX. Identification of regions active as prokaryotic promoters in Escherichia coli. Gene. 1984 Nov;31(1-3):23–30. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90191-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Krebbers E. T., Larrinua I. M., McIntosh L., Bogorad L. The maize chloroplast genes for the beta and epsilon subunits of the photosynthetic coupling factor CF1 are fused. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Aug 25;10(16):4985–5002. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.16.4985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kuntz M., Weil J. H., Steinmetz A. Nucleotide sequence of a 2 kbp BamH I fragment of Vicia faba chloroplast DNA containing the genes for threonine, glutamic acid and tyrosine transfer RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jun 25;12(12):5037–5047. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.12.5037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Link G. DNA sequence requirements for the accurate transcription of a protein-coding plastid gene in a plastid in vitro system from mustard (Sinapis alba L.). EMBO J. 1984 Aug;3(8):1697–1704. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02034.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Link G., Langridge U. Structure of the chloroplast gene for the precursor of the Mr 32,000 photosystem II protein from mustard (Sinapis alba L.). Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 25;12(2):945–958. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.2.945. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Miura A., Krueger J. H., Itoh S., de Boer H. A., Nomura M. Growth-rate-dependent regulation of ribosome synthesis in E. coli: expression of the lacZ and galK genes fused to ribosomal promoters. Cell. 1981 Sep;25(3):773–782. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90185-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Morris J., Herrmann R. G. Nucleotide sequence of the gene for the P680 chlorophyll alpha apoprotein of the photosystem II reaction center from spinach. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Mar 26;12(6):2837–2850. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.6.2837. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Nomura M., Morgan E. A. Genetics of bacterial ribosomes. Annu Rev Genet. 1977;11:297–347. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.001501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Ohme M., Kamogashira T., Shinozaki K., Sugiura M. Structure and cotranscription of tobacco chloroplast genes for tRNAGlu(UUC), tRNATyr(GUA) and tRNAAsp(GUC). Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Feb 25;13(4):1045–1056. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1045. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ohme M., Kamogashira T., Shinozoki K., Sugiura M. Locations and sequences of tobacco chloroplast genes for tRNAPro(UGG), tRNATrp, tRNAfMet and tRNAGly(GCC): the tRNAGly contains only two base-pairs in the D stem. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Sep 11;12(17):6741–6749. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.17.6741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Orozco E. M., Jr, Mullet J. E., Chua N. H. An in vitro system for accurate transcription initiation of chloroplast protein genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Feb 25;13(4):1283–1302. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Pribnow D. Nucleotide sequence of an RNA polymerase binding site at an early T7 promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Mar;72(3):784–788. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.3.784. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Rosenberg M., Court D. Regulatory sequences involved in the promotion and termination of RNA transcription. Annu Rev Genet. 1979;13:319–353. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.13.120179.001535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Schwarz Z., Kössel H., Schwarz E., Bogorad L. A gene coding for tRNA is located near 5' terminus of 16S rRNA gene in Zea mays chloroplast genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Aug;78(8):4748–4752. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.4748. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Shepherd N. S., Churchward G., Bremer H. Synthesis and activity of ribonucleic acid polymerase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1980 Mar;141(3):1098–1108. doi: 10.1128/jb.141.3.1098-1108.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Shinozaki K., Deno H., Kato A., Sugiura M. Overlap and cotranscription of the genes for the beta and epsilon subunits of tobacco chloroplast ATPase. Gene. 1983 Oct;24(2-3):147–155. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(83)90074-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Shinozaki K., Sugiura M. The nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Gene. 1982 Nov;20(1):91–102. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90090-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Spielmann A., Stutz E. Nucleotide sequence of soybean chloroplast DNA regions which contain the psb A and trn H genes and cover the ends of the large single copy region and one end of the inverted repeats. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Oct 25;11(20):7157–7167. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.20.7157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Steinmetz A. A., Krebbers E. T., Schwarz Z., Gubbins E. J., Bogorad L. Nucleotide sequences of five maize chloroplast transfer RNA genes and their flanking regions. J Biol Chem. 1983 May 10;258(9):5503–5511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Steinmetz A., Gubbins E. J., Bogorad L. The anticodon of the maize chloroplast gene for tRNA Leu UAA is split by a large intron. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 May 25;10(10):3027–3037. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.10.3027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Takaiwa F., Sugiura M. Nucleotide sequence of the 16S - 23S spacer region in an rRNA gene cluster from tobacco chloroplast DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Apr 24;10(8):2665–2676. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.8.2665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Tohdoh N., Shinozaki K., Sugiura M. Sequence of a putative promoter region for the rRNA genes of tobacco chloroplast DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Oct 24;9(20):5399–5406. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.20.5399. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Travers A. A. Conserved features of coordinately regulated E. coli promoters. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Mar 26;12(6):2605–2618. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.6.2605. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Travers A. A., Lamond A. I., Mace H. A., Berman M. L. RNA polymerase interactions with the upstream region of the E. coli tyrT promoter. Cell. 1983 Nov;35(1):265–273. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90229-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Zurawski G., Bohnert H. J., Whitfeld P. R., Bottomley W. Nucleotide sequence of the gene for the M(r) 32,000 thylakoid membrane protein from Spinacia oleracea and Nicotiana debneyi predicts a totally conserved primary translation product of M(r) 38,950. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(24):7699–7703. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.24.7699. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Zurawski G., Bottomley W., Whitfeld P. R. Structures of the genes for the beta and epsilon subunits of spinach chloroplast ATPase indicate a dicistronic mRNA and an overlapping translation stop/start signal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Oct;79(20):6260–6264. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.20.6260. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Zurawski G., Perrot B., Bottomley W., Whitfeld P. R. The structure of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from spinach chloroplast DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Jul 24;9(14):3251–3270. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.14.3251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES