Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1988 Sep;8(9):3847–3856. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.9.3847

Transcriptional unit of the murine Thy-1 gene: different distribution of transcription initiation sites in brain.

E Spanopoulou 1, V Giguere 1, F Grosveld 1
PMCID: PMC365443  PMID: 2906111

Abstract

Structural analysis of the mouse Thy-1.2 gene has shown that the major promoter of the gene is characterized by a tissue-specific DNase I-hypersensitive site and is located within a methylation-free island. The gene is regulated at the transcriptional level, and steady-state mRNA analysis reveals that the previously reported exon Ib contributes at most 5% of the total mRNA. The major promoter uses several transcription initiation sites within a region of 100 base pairs. The frequency of usage of these sites in brain is markedly different from that in other tissues.

Full text

PDF
3848

Images in this article

3849Image
on p.3849
3850Image
on p.3850
3851Image
on p.3851
3852Image
on p.3852
3853Image
on p.3853

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Araki E., Shimada F., Uzawa H., Mori M., Ebina Y. Characterization of the promoter region of the human insulin receptor gene. Evidence for promoter activity. J Biol Chem. 1987 Nov 25;262(33):16186–16191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Auffray C., Rougeon F. Purification of mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain messenger RNAs from total myeloma tumor RNA. Eur J Biochem. 1980 Jun;107(2):303–314. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb06030.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Becker P. B., Ruppert S., Schütz G. Genomic footprinting reveals cell type-specific DNA binding of ubiquitous factors. Cell. 1987 Nov 6;51(3):435–443. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90639-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Belasco J. G., Nilsson G., von Gabain A., Cohen S. N. The stability of E. coli gene transcripts is dependent on determinants localized to specific mRNA segments. Cell. 1986 Jul 18;46(2):245–251. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90741-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Ben-Neriah Y., Bernards A., Paskind M., Daley G. Q., Baltimore D. Alternative 5' exons in c-abl mRNA. Cell. 1986 Feb 28;44(4):577–586. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90267-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Berk A. J., Sharp P. A. Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids. Cell. 1977 Nov;12(3):721–732. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90272-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bird A. P. CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature. 1986 May 15;321(6067):209–213. doi: 10.1038/321209a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bird A. P., Taggart M. H., Nicholls R. D., Higgs D. R. Non-methylated CpG-rich islands at the human alpha-globin locus: implications for evolution of the alpha-globin pseudogene. EMBO J. 1987 Apr;6(4):999–1004. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04851.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Breathnach R., Chambon P. Organization and expression of eucaryotic split genes coding for proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1981;50:349–383. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.002025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Busslinger M., Hurst J., Flavell R. A. DNA methylation and the regulation of globin gene expression. Cell. 1983 Aug;34(1):197–206. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90150-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Campbell D. G., Gagnon J., Reid K. B., Williams A. F. Rat brain Thy-1 glycoprotein. The amino acid sequence, disulphide bonds and an unusual hydrophobic region. Biochem J. 1981 Apr 1;195(1):15–30. doi: 10.1042/bj1950015. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Carlson M., Botstein D. Two differentially regulated mRNAs with different 5' ends encode secreted with intracellular forms of yeast invertase. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):145–154. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90384-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Chang H. C., Seki T., Moriuchi T., Silver J. Isolation and characterization of mouse Thy-1 genomic clones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(11):3819–3823. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3819. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chen S., Botteri F., van der Putten H., Landel C. P., Evans G. A. A lymphoproliferative abnormality associated with inappropriate expression of the Thy-1 antigen in transgenic mice. Cell. 1987 Oct 9;51(1):7–19. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90005-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Chu M. L., de Wet W., Bernard M., Ramirez F. Fine structural analysis of the human pro-alpha 1 (I) collagen gene. Promoter structure, AluI repeats, and polymorphic transcripts. J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 25;260(4):2315–2320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Colantuoni V., Pirozzi A., Blance C., Cortese R. Negative control of liver-specific gene expression: cloned human retinol-binding protein gene is repressed in HeLa cells. EMBO J. 1987 Mar;6(3):631–636. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04801.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Cross G. A. Eukaryotic protein modification and membrane attachment via phosphatidylinositol. Cell. 1987 Jan 30;48(2):179–181. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90419-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Crouse G. F., Simonsen C. C., McEwan R. N., Schimke R. T. Structure of amplified normal and variant dihydrofolate reductase genes in mouse sarcoma S180 cells. J Biol Chem. 1982 Jul 10;257(13):7887–7897. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. D'Onofrio C., Colantuoni V., Cortese R. Structure and cell-specific expression of a cloned human retinol binding protein gene: the 5'-flanking region contains hepatoma specific transcriptional signals. EMBO J. 1985 Aug;4(8):1981–1989. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03881.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem. 1983 Jul 1;132(1):6–13. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gardiner-Garden M., Frommer M. CpG islands in vertebrate genomes. J Mol Biol. 1987 Jul 20;196(2):261–282. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90689-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Giguére V., Isobe K., Grosveld F. Structure of the murine Thy-1 gene. EMBO J. 1985 Aug;4(8):2017–2024. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03886.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gunter K. C., Germain R. N., Kroczek R. A., Saito T., Yokoyama W. M., Chan C., Weiss A., Shevach E. M. Thy-1-mediated T-cell activation requires co-expression of CD3/Ti complex. Nature. 1987 Apr 2;326(6112):505–507. doi: 10.1038/326505a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hultmark D., Klemenz R., Gehring W. J. Translational and transcriptional control elements in the untranslated leader of the heat-shock gene hsp22. Cell. 1986 Feb 14;44(3):429–438. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90464-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hutchison N., Weintraub H. Localization of DNAase I-sensitive sequences to specific regions of interphase nuclei. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(2 Pt 1):471–482. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90177-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ingraham H. A., Evans G. A. Characterization of two atypical promoters and alternate mRNA processing in the mouse Thy-1.2 glycoprotein gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Aug;6(8):2923–2931. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.8.2923. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ingraham H. A., Lawless G. M., Evans G. A. The mouse Thy-1.2 glycoprotein gene: complete sequence and identification of an unusual promoter. J Immunol. 1986 Feb 15;136(4):1482–1489. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Ishii S., Merlino G. T., Pastan I. Promoter region of the human Harvey ras proto-oncogene: similarity to the EGF receptor proto-oncogene promoter. Science. 1985 Dec 20;230(4732):1378–1381. doi: 10.1126/science.2999983. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Ishii S., Xu Y. H., Stratton R. H., Roe B. A., Merlino G. T., Pastan I. Characterization and sequence of the promoter region of the human epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Aug;82(15):4920–4924. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.15.4920. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Keshet I., Lieman-Hurwitz J., Cedar H. DNA methylation affects the formation of active chromatin. Cell. 1986 Feb 28;44(4):535–543. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90263-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kioussis D., Vanin E., deLange T., Flavell R. A., Grosveld F. G. Beta-globin gene inactivation by DNA translocation in gamma beta-thalassaemia. Nature. 1983 Dec 15;306(5944):662–666. doi: 10.1038/306662a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kollias G., Evans D. J., Ritter M., Beech J., Morris R., Grosveld F. Ectopic expression of Thy-1 in the kidneys of transgenic mice induces functional and proliferative abnormalities. Cell. 1987 Oct 9;51(1):21–31. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90006-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kollias G., Spanopoulou E., Grosveld F., Ritter M., Beech J., Morris R. Differential regulation of a Thy-1 gene in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Mar;84(6):1492–1496. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.6.1492. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kollias G., Wrighton N., Hurst J., Grosveld F. Regulated expression of human A gamma-, beta-, and hybrid gamma beta-globin genes in transgenic mice: manipulation of the developmental expression patterns. Cell. 1986 Jul 4;46(1):89–94. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90862-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kroczek R. A., Gunter K. C., Germain R. N., Shevach E. M. Thy-1 functions as a signal transduction molecule in T lymphocytes and transfected B lymphocytes. Nature. 1986 Jul 10;322(6075):181–184. doi: 10.1038/322181a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Krumlauf R., Holland P. W., McVey J. H., Hogan B. L. Developmental and spatial patterns of expression of the mouse homeobox gene, Hox 2.1. Development. 1987 Apr;99(4):603–617. doi: 10.1242/dev.99.4.603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Linial M., Gunderson N., Groudine M. Enhanced transcription of c-myc in bursal lymphoma cells requires continuous protein synthesis. Science. 1985 Dec 6;230(4730):1126–1132. doi: 10.1126/science.2999973. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Low M. G., Kincade P. W. Phosphatidylinositol is the membrane-anchoring domain of the Thy-1 glycoprotein. Nature. 1985 Nov 7;318(6041):62–64. doi: 10.1038/318062a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. McGrogan M., Simonsen C. C., Smouse D. T., Farnham P. J., Schimke R. T. Heterogeneity at the 5' termini of mouse dihydrofolate reductase mRNAs. Evidence for multiple promoter regions. J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 25;260(4):2307–2314. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. McKeon C., Ohkubo H., Pastan I., de Crombrugghe B. Unusual methylation pattern of the alpha 2 (l) collagen gene. Cell. 1982 May;29(1):203–210. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90104-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. McKeon C., Pastan I., de Crombrugghe B. DNase I sensitivity of the alpha 2(I) collagen gene: correlation with its expression but not with its methylation pattern. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Apr 25;12(8):3491–3502. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.8.3491. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Morris R. Thy-1 in developing nervous tissue. Dev Neurosci. 1985;7(3):133–160. doi: 10.1159/000112283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Murray E. J., Grosveld F. Site specific demethylation in the promoter of human gamma-globin gene does not alleviate methylation mediated suppression. EMBO J. 1987 Aug;6(8):2329–2335. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02508.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. REIF A. E., ALLEN J. M. THE AKR THYMIC ANTIGEN AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN LEUKEMIAS AND NERVOUS TISSUES. J Exp Med. 1964 Sep 1;120:413–433. doi: 10.1084/jem.120.3.413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Reynolds G. A., Basu S. K., Osborne T. F., Chin D. J., Gil G., Brown M. S., Goldstein J. L., Luskey K. L. HMG CoA reductase: a negatively regulated gene with unusual promoter and 5' untranslated regions. Cell. 1984 Aug;38(1):275–285. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90549-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Saluz H. P., Jiricny J., Jost J. P. Genomic sequencing reveals a positive correlation between the kinetics of strand-specific DNA demethylation of the overlapping estradiol/glucocorticoid-receptor binding sites and the rate of avian vitellogenin mRNA synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(19):7167–7171. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.19.7167. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Schibler U., Hagenbüchle O., Wellauer P. K., Pittet A. C. Two promoters of different strengths control the transcription of the mouse alpha-amylase gene Amy-1a in the parotid gland and the liver. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):501–508. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90431-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Sneller M. C., Gunter K. C. DNA methylation alters chromatin structure and regulates Thy-1 expression in EL-4 T cells. J Immunol. 1987 May 15;138(10):3505–3512. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Stalder J., Larsen A., Engel J. D., Dolan M., Groudine M., Weintraub H. Tissue-specific DNA cleavages in the globin chromatin domain introduced by DNAase I. Cell. 1980 Jun;20(2):451–460. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90631-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Stein R., Sciaky-Gallili N., Razin A., Cedar H. Pattern of methylation of two genes coding for housekeeping functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(9):2422–2426. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.9.2422. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Tse A. G., Barclay A. N., Watts A., Williams A. F. A glycophospholipid tail at the carboxyl terminus of the Thy-1 glycoprotein of neurons and thymocytes. Science. 1985 Nov 29;230(4729):1003–1008. doi: 10.1126/science.2865810. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Tykocinski M. L., Max E. E. CG dinucleotide clusters in MHC genes and in 5' demethylated genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 May 25;12(10):4385–4396. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.10.4385. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Valerio D., Duyvesteyn M. G., Dekker B. M., Weeda G., Berkvens T. M., van der Voorn L., van Ormondt H., van der Eb A. J. Adenosine deaminase: characterization and expression of a gene with a remarkable promoter. EMBO J. 1985 Feb;4(2):437–443. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03648.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Vigoreaux J. O., Tobin S. L. Stage-specific selection of alternative transcriptional initiation sites from the 5C actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Genes Dev. 1987 Dec;1(10):1161–1171. doi: 10.1101/gad.1.10.1161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Weaver R. F., Weissmann C. Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure: the 5' termini of 15 S beta-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10 s beta-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 10;7(5):1175–1193. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.5.1175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Williams A. F., Gagnon J. Neuronal cell Thy-1 glycoprotein: homology with immunoglobulin. Science. 1982 May 14;216(4547):696–703. doi: 10.1126/science.6177036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Wolf S. F., Jolly D. J., Lunnen K. D., Friedmann T., Migeon B. R. Methylation of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase locus on the human X chromosome: implications for X-chromosome inactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 May;81(9):2806–2810. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.9.2806. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Wu C. The 5' ends of Drosophila heat shock genes in chromatin are hypersensitive to DNase I. Nature. 1980 Aug 28;286(5776):854–860. doi: 10.1038/286854a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Yagi M., Gelinas R., Elder J. T., Peretz M., Papayannopoulou T., Stamatoyannopoulos G., Groudine M. Chromatin structure and developmental expression of the human alpha-globin cluster. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Apr;6(4):1108–1116. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.4.1108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Yee A. S., Reichel R., Kovesdi I., Nevins J. R. Promoter interaction of the E1A-inducible factor E2F and its potential role in the formation of a multi-component complex. EMBO J. 1987 Jul;6(7):2061–2068. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02471.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Yisraeli J., Adelstein R. S., Melloul D., Nudel U., Yaffe D., Cedar H. Muscle-specific activation of a methylated chimeric actin gene. Cell. 1986 Aug 1;46(3):409–416. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90661-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. van der Ploeg L. H., Flavell R. A. DNA methylation in the human gamma delta beta-globin locus in erythroid and nonerythroid tissues. Cell. 1980 Apr;19(4):947–958. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90086-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES