Skip to main content
PMC home page
Biodiversity Data Journal logoLink to Biodiversity Data Journal
. 2014 Nov 13;(2):e4167. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e4167

First record of the genus Venanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) in Mesoamerica, with the description of two new species from Costa Rica

Jose L Fernandez-Triana †,✉, James B Whitfield ‡, M Alex Smith §, Winnie Hallwachs |, Daniel H Janzen
PMCID: PMC4238065  PMID: 25425941

Abstract Abstract

The New World genus Venanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) is a small group of parasitoid wasps that includes two Nearctic and seven Neotropical species. Here two additional species, authored by Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, are described from Costa Rica: V. johnnyrosalesi sp. n. from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) and V. randallgarciai sp. n. from Area de Conservación Cordillera Volcanica Central. They represent the first record of the genus for Mesoamerica. A previous key to all known Venanus (Whitfield et al. 2011) is modified to include the new species. The Costa Rican species were collected at altitudes of 1,400–1,460 m, but nothing is known of their biology. DNA barcodes were obtained for both species and are included as part of the description along with extensive photos. This paper is part of a series inventorying the diversity of Microgastrinae in ACG.

Keywords: Venanus , Microgastrinae, taxonomy, Area de Conservación Guancaste, Costa Rica, Mesoamerica

Introduction

Microgastrine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) have been intensively studied for the past few years in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica (Whitfield et al. 2011, Fernández-Triana et al. 2014). ACG has been inventorying all caterpillar taxa, their food plants, and their parasitoids since 1978 (Janzen et al. 2009, Janzen et al. 2012, Fernández-Triana et al. 2014). That work provides some of the world’s largest tropical location-based datasets for studying the taxonomy and host relationships of caterpillar parasitoids.

This paper is a continuation of those efforts, and deals with the genus Venanus in ACG. An additional species from Costa Rica (but not from ACG) was found in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa (CNC) and is also described below. The genus Venanus has been revised recently (Whitfield et al. 2011, Fernandez-Triana 2010) and nine species have been described from North and South America. The Costa Rican species represent the first record of Venanus for Mesoamerica.

Materials and methods

Venanus is a rarely collected genus of Microgastrinae, and it is generally poorly represented in collections. This study is based on 22 specimens from the ACG inventory, and 1 specimen from Alajuela province (in Costa Rica but not in ACG) which was found in the CNC.

Morphological terms and measurements of structures are mostly as used by Mason (1981), Huber and Sharkey (1993), Whitfield (1997), Karlsson and Ronquist (2012), Fernández-Triana et al. (2014). The descriptions are brief and only include some body measurements that are commonly used in describing Microgastrinae (e.g., length of body, fore wing, and ovipositor sheath). These are complemented by extensive color photos of every species to illustrate, instead of describing with words, other details (e.g., color, shape, and sculpture). Geographic distribution is also provided in the key as supplementary information to aid the morphological identification of species.

Photos were taken with a Keyence VHX-1000 Digital Microscope, using a lens with a range of 13–130×. Multiple images through the focal plane were taken of a structure and these were combined to produce a single in-focus image, using the software associated with the Keyence System.

Detailed information about examined specimens (section "Materials" under Taxon treatments) was taken directly from the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) and imported into the Pensoft Writing Tool, as described in Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014).

In addition to the morphological descriptions, we provide DNA barcodes (the standardised region at the 5’ end of the cytochrome c oxidase I (CO1) gene, Hebert et al. 2003) whenever available. DNA barcodes for all ACG inventory specimens were obtained using DNA extracts prepared from single legs using a glass fibre protocol (Ivanova et al. 2006). Total genomic DNA was re-suspended in 30 μl of dH2O, and a 658-bp region near the 5’ terminus of the CO1 gene was amplified using standard primers (LepF1–LepR1) following established protocols (Smith et al. 2006, Smith et al. 2007, Smith et al. 2008). All information for the sequences associated with each individual specimen can be retrieved from BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) via the publically available dataset: http://dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-VENANUS. A K2P tree was also generated with all sequences of described species of Venanus over 400 base pairs that were available in BOLD (Suppl. material 1).

Taxon treatments

Venanus

Mason, 1981

  • Venanus Mason, 1981: 94.

Diagnosis

The genus Venanus can be recognized by the following combination of features: Body shape shape relatively slender, often somewhat dorsoventrally flattened. Body color typically black nearly throughout, legs variable in color. Fore wing with closed areolet (r-m present). Metacoxae relatively small (as in Microplitis). Propodeum rugose, with medial carina present, at least for some portion of length. First metasomal tergite relatively elongate, of somewhat variable shape and degree of sculpturing. Second metasomal tergum with median raised area that is narrower than first tergite, at least at their junction. Ovipositor sheath distally with setae highly reduced in size (as in Distatrix, and Venanides). The genus is restricted to the New World, from as north as Canada (Yukon Territory) to Chile in South America (Mason 1981, Fernandez-Triana 2010, Whitfield et al. 2011). It is a relatively small genus, with nine species previoulsy described and a few other apparent new species found in collections (Whitfield et al. 2011). Leafmining and needle mining caterpillars were believed to be the main hosts (Mason 1981), however recently collecting and rearing of caterpiilas in South America suggests that other hosts such as Pyralidae might also be common (Whitfield et al. 2011).

Venanus johnnyrosalesi

Fernández-Triana & Whitfield sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FF576CD7-7AEB-4F14-B001-3BD0985222FA

Materials

  1. Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031445; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031445; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38355; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 11/17/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  2. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031434; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031434; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38344; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 10/27/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  3. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031452; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031452; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38362; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/01/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  4. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031455; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031455; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38365; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/15/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  5. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031456; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031456; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38366; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/15/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  6. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031461; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031461; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38371; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/22/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  7. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031462; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031462; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38372; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/22/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  8. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031466; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031466; individualCount: 1; sex: Female; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38376; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 12/29/2008; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  9. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031470; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031470; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38380; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 01/05/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  10. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031472; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031472; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38382; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 01/12/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  11. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031473; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031473; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38383; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 01/12/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  12. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031480; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031480; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38390; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 01/26/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  13. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031481; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031481; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38391; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 02/02/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  14. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031486; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031486; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38396; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/16/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  15. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031487; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031487; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38397; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/16/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  16. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031489; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031489; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38399; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/23/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  17. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031491; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031491; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38401; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/23/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  18. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031493; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031493; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38403; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/30/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  19. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031494; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031494; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38404; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/30/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  20. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031497; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031497; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38407; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/02/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  21. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031498; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031498; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38408; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 03/02/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  22. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: occurrenceDetails: http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso; catalogNumber: DHJPAR0031499; recordedBy: D.H.Janzen&W.Hallwachs; individualID: DHJPAR0031499; individualCount: 1; sex: Male; lifeStage: adult; otherCatalogNumbers: 08-SRNP-38409; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus johnnyrosalesi; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: johnnyrosalesi; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Guanacaste; locality: Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; verbatimLocality: Sendero Cima; verbatimElevation: 1460 m; verbatimLatitude: 10.9333; verbatimLongitude: -85.4573; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Decimal; decimalLatitude: 10.9333; decimalLongitude: -85.4573; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise Trap; verbatimEventDate: 04/06/2009; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: CNC; collectionCode: Insects; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Description

Female. Body length: 2.3 mm. Fore wing length: 2.2 mm. Flagellomere 2 length/width: 0.11 mm/0.05 mm. Flagellomere 14 length/width: 0.08 mm/0.06 mm. Oculo-ocellar distance: 0.14 mm. Distance between posterior ocelli: 0.08 mm. Diameter of posterior ocellus: 0.05 mm. Metafemur length/width: 0.52 mm/0.20 mm. Metatibia length: 0.62 mm. Mediotergite 1 length/maximum width/minimum width: 0.30/0.15/0.08 mm. Mediotergite 2 length/width at posterior margin: 0.13/0.08 mm. Figs 1, 2.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

Venanus johnnyrosalesi. Yellow arrow shows the sculpture on metapleuron.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

Venanus johnnyrosalesi. Yellow arrow shows the sculpture on metapleuron.

Male: As female, but metafemur thinner and antenna longer.

Diagnosis

The mediotergite 1 is relatively long and with a slight constriction near anterior end (Fig. 2). That character is also shared with other three species of Venanus. However, V. johnnyrosalesi can be separated from V. helavai by its much smaller size (2.3 mm vs 2.8–3.0 mm) and less sculptured propodeum, from V. yanayacuensis by its wider discal cell in fore wing (1.0 × vs 1.2 × as wide as high), metasoma color (brown vs black) and fore wing vein 2RS significanly longer than vein r (shorter than r in yanayacuensis), and from V. randallgarciai by proportion of veins 2RS and r (1.4 × vs 2.0 ×), sculpture of metapleuron and mediotergite 2, and less narrow mediotergite 1 (narrowest width 0.8 × width at posterior margin vs 0.6 × in randallgarciai).

Etymology

Venanus johnnyrosalesi is named in honor of Sr. Johnny Rosales, currently of San Jose, Costa Rica, but also a major user, appreciator and former director of ACG.

Distribution

Only know from Volcán Cacao, ACG, Costa Rica.

Notes

A total of 60 specimens (some of them not examined for this paper) were sampled for DNA, and 50 rendered full barcode sequences of 658 base pairs (see also Suppl. material 1). These sequences were characterised by very limited variation (a single synonymous, third base G/A transition). The holotype specimen (DHJPAR0031445) has the sequence accession ASHYG706-10 in BOLD (www.boldsystems.org) and the nucleotide sequence is reproduced below:

AATATTATACTTTATTTTTGGGTTATGAGCTGGTATAGTAGGATTTTCTATAAGAATAATCATTCGCTTAGAATTAGGAATACCTGGAAATTTAATTGGAAATGACCAAATTTATAATAGAATTGTTACTTCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTCATAGTTATACCAATCATAATTGGTGGATTTGGTAACTGATTAATTCCTTTAATATTAGGTACTCCAGATATAGCATTCCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGGTTACTTCTACCTTCATTATTTTTATTAATTTTAAGTAGATTTATTAATACAGGGGTAGGAACGGGATGAACAGTATACCCTCCTTTGTCATTAATTTTAGGCCATGGGGGAATATCAGTAGACCTGGGTATTTTTTCTCTTCATTTAGCAGGAATATCTTCAATTATAGGGGCTATTAATTTTATTTCCACAATTATAAATATACGAACAAATTTTTTAATAATAGACAAAATCTCTTTATTTTCATGATCTGTTTTAATTACAGCTATTTTATTACTTCTATCTTTACCAGTTTTAGCTGGAGCAATTACTATACTACTGACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACAAGATTTTTTGATCCAAGTGGAGGTGGAGATCCAATTCTTTATCAACATTTATTT

Venanus randallgarciai

Fernández-Triana & Whitfield sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:874E5AA8-587B-4FA4-835C-B5A3523FB554

Materials

  1. Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: CNCHYM 07223; recordedBy: J. Helava; individualID: CNCHYM 07223; individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Venanus randallgarciai; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Braconidae; genus: Venanus; specificEpithet: randallgarciai; scientificNameAuthorship: Fernández-Triana; Location: continent: Central America; country: Costa Rica; stateProvince: Alajuela; locality: 500 m North of Colonia Virgen del Socorro, Area de Conservacion Cordillera Volcanica Central; verbatimElevation: 1400 m; verbatimLatitude: 10° 17' N; verbatimLongitude: 84° 10' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: Degree, minutes; Identification: dateIdentified: 2014; Event: verbatimEventDate: 30-v-1973; Record Level: language: en; collectionCode: Insects; ownerInstitutionCode: CNC; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Description

Female. Body length: 2.2 mm. Fore wing length: 2.2 mm. Flagellomere 2 length/width: 0.11 mm/0.06 mm. Flagellomere 14: missing. Oculo-ocellar distance: 0.15 mm. Distance between posterior ocelli: 0.08 mm. Diameter of posterior ocellus: 0.05 mm. Metafemur length/width: 0.53 mm/0.18 mm. Metatibia length: 0.66 mm. Mediotergite 1 length/maximum width/minimum width: 0.30/0.15/0.09 mm. Mediotergite 2 length/width at posterior margin: 0.12/0.10 mm. Figs 3, 4.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

Venanus randallgarciai. Yellow arrow shows the sculpture on metapleuron.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Open in a new tab

Venanus randallgarciai. Black arrows show length and width of first discal cell.

Male. Unknown.

Diagnosis

The mediotergite 1 is relatively long and with a slight constriction near anterior end (Fig. 4). That character is also shared with other three species of Venanus. However, V. johnnyrosalesi can be separated from V. helavai by its much smaller size (2.2 mm vs 2.8–3.0 mm) and less sculptured propodeum, from V. yanayacuensis by its wider discal cell in fore wing (1.0 × vs 1.2 × as wide as high), metasoma color (brown vs black) and fore wing vein 2RS significanly longer than vein r (shorter than r in yanayacuensis), and from V. johnnyrosalesi by proportion of veins 2RS and r (2.0 × vs 1.4 ×), sculpture of metapleuron and mediotergite 2, and narrower mediotergite 1 (narrowest width 0.6 × width at posterior margin vs 0.8 × in johnnyrosalesi).

Etymology

Venanus randallgarciai is named in honor of Sr. Randall Garcia, currently of San Jose, Costa Rica, but also the first director of ACG and the current Executive Director of the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), and therefore a major facilitator of ACG biodiversity inventory.

Distribution

Only known from a single locality in Area de Conservación Cordillera Volcanica Central, Alajuela, Costa Rica.

Notes

We obtained a partial sequence (164 bp) of the DNA barcoding region for the holotype (see also Suppl. material 1). It has the sequence accesion HYCNF533-11 in BOLD (www.boldsystems.org), and the nucleotide sequence is reproduced below:

TTATACCAATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTGGTGCCATTAATATTAGGGACTCCAGATATAGCTTTCCCTCGTATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTACTTATTCCTTCATTAT TTATATTAATTTTAAGAAGATTCATTAATACAGGCGCAGGTACG

Identification Keys

Key to species of Venanus from Costa Rica

1 Metasomal tergite I with slight constriction in width nearer anterior end and very long (at least 2 × as long as apically or basally broad); metasomal tergite II (raised part) rather parallel-sided and close to 2 × as long as broad; propodeum usually with median longitudinal carina pronounced in the anterior third, sometimes percurrently 2
– Metasomal tergite I without obvious narrowing near anterior end, either posteriorly narrowing throughout, or broadening generally and usually less than 2 × as long as broad; metasomal tergite II less than 2 × as long as broad, variably shaped; propodeum usually without obvious medial longitudinal carina, or with only a stub of one posteriorly or anteriorly Here it continues to couplet 3 of Whitfield et al. (2011), including all remaining known species of Venanus
2 Female body length 2.8–3.0 mm; propodeum with median longitudinal carina marked throughout most of its length, strongly so on anterior 0.3; T2 length 2.5 × its central width [Colombia, Ecuador] Venanus helavai Mason, 1981
– Female body length at most 2.5 mm (usually less); propodeum with median longitudinally carina only slightly marked on anterior 0.3, or not clearly defined (carina not distinct among other sculpture of propodeum); T2 length less than 1.8 × its central width [Costa Rica, Ecuador] 3
3 Fore wing with first discal cell width 1.0 × its height, and vein 2RS shorter than r; anterior half of propodeum mostly smooth (only with fine rugulosity medially and laterally); metasoma with most laterotergites black [Ecuador, specimens collected at or over 2,100 m] Venanus yanayacuensis Arias-Penna & Whitifield, 2011
– Fore wing with first discal cell width 1.2 × its height, and vein 2RS significantly longer than r; anterior half of of propodeum as coarsely rugose as posterior half (at most with smooth area partially on anterior 0.1–0.2 of propodeum); metasoma with most laterotergites brown [Costa Rica, specimens collected at 1,400–1,460 m] 4
4 Fore wing with length of vein 2RS 1.4 × length of vein r; metapleuron coarsely sculptured on posterior 0.3 × (in addition of strong impressions on posterior margin); T2 coarsely rugose; T1 relatively less constricted than below, with T1 narrowest width (near anterior margin) 0.8 × width at posterior margin Venanus randallgarciai Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
– Fore wing with length of vein 2RS 2.0 × length of vein r; metapleuron mostly smooth (except for strong impressions on posterior margin); T2 smooth; T1 relatively more constricted than above, with T1 narrowest width (near anterior margin) 0.6 × width at posterior margin Venanus johnnyrosalesi Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
Open in a new tab

Both species from Costa Rica will run through couplet 2 of the key in Whitfield et al. (2011). The key below separates the new species from those mentioned in that couplet.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary material 1

K2P tree with known sequences of described species of Venanus

Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014

Data type: DNA barcodes

Brief description: Neighbor-Joining (NJ – Saitou and Nei 1987) tree based on Kimura 2-parameter distances (K2P – Kimura 1980) of all described Venanus species with DNA barcodes available. Sequence data from the Barcode of Life Data Systems (http://www.boldsystems.org/). For every sequence the species name, specimen code, length of sequence (in base pairs), and country/province or country/state is shwon.

File: oo_33604.pdf

XML Treatment for Venanus
BDJ.2.e4167-treatment1.xml (7.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Venanus johnnyrosalesi
BDJ.2.e4167-treatment2.xml (148.6KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Venanus randallgarciai
BDJ.2.e4167-treatment3.xml (14.1KB, xml)

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the support of the ACG parataxonomist team, and the Guanacaste Dry Forest Conservation Fund, the Wege Foundation, the International Conservation Fund of Canada, the JRS Biodiversity Foundation, Jessie Hill, Steve Stroud, Permian Global, and the University of Pennsylvania for funding portions of this research. Laboratory analyses of the sequences were funded by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute (2008-0GI-ICI-03), and by BOLD/iBOL of the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario and University of Guelph.

References

  1. Fernandez-Triana Jose L. Eight new species and an annotated checklist of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Canada and Alaska. ZooKeys. 2010;63:1–53. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.63.565-app.i. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Fernandez-Triana Jose, Penev Lyubomir, Ratnasingham Sujeevan, Smith M. Alex, Sones Jayme, Telfer Angela, deWaard Jeremy, Hebert Paul. Streamlining the use of BOLD specimen data to record species distributions: a case study with ten Nearctic species of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.2.e4153. Biodiversity Data Journal. 2014;2:e4153. doi: 10.3897/bdj.2.e4153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Fernández-Triana Jose L, Whitfield James B, Rodriguez Josephine J, Smith M Alex, Janzen Daniel H, Hallwachs Winnie D, Hajibabaei Mehrdad, Burns John M, Solis M Alma, Brown John, Cardinal Sophie, Goulet Henri, Hebert Paul D N. Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica. ZooKeys. 2014;383:1–565. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.383.6418. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Hebert P. D. N., Cywinska A., Ball S. L., deWaard J. R. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2003;270(1512):313–321. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2218. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Huber JT, Sharkey MJ. Huber JT (Eds) Hymenoptera of the. Monograph No. 1894E. Agriculture Canada Research Branch; Ottawa: 1993. Structure. In: Goulet H.13-59 [Google Scholar]
  6. Ivanova NV, DeWaard JR, Hebert PDN. An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01428.x. Molecular Ecology Notes. 2006;6(4):998–1002. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01428.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  7. Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Blandin P, Burns JM, Cadiou JM, Chacon I, Dapkey T, Deans AR, Epstein ME, Espinoza B, Franclemont JG, Haber WA, Hajibabaei M, Hall JPW, Hebert PDN, Gauld ID, Harvey DJ, Hausmann A, Kitching IJ, Lafontaine D, Landry JF, Lemaire C, Miller JY, Miller JS, Miller L, Miller SE, Montero J, Munroe E, Green SR, Ratnasingham S, Rawlins JE, Robbins RK, Rodriguez JJ, Rougerie R, Sharkey MJ, Smith MA, Solis MA, Sullivan JB, Thiaucourt P, Wahl DB, Weller SJ, Whitfield JB, Willmott KR, Wood DM, Woodley NE, Wilson JJ. Integration of DNA barcoding into an ongoing inventory of complex tropical biodiversity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02628.x. Molecular Ecology Resources. 2009;9:1–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02628.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Janzen Daniel H., Hallwachs Winnie, Harvey Donald J., Darrow Karolyn, Rougerie Rodolphe, Hajibabaei Mehrdad, Smith M. Alex, Bertrand Claudia, Gamboa Isidro Chacon, Espinoza Bernardo, Sullivan J. Bolling, Decaens Thibaud, Herbin Daniel, Chavarria Luis Felipe, Franco Ruth, Cambronero Hazel, Rios Sergio, Quesada Freddy, Pereira Guillermo, Vargas Johan, Guadamuz Adrian, Espinoza Roberto, Hernandez Jorge, Rios Lucia, Cantillano Elieth, Moraga Roster, Moraga Calixto, Rios Petrona, Rios Manuel, Calero Ricardo, Martinez Dinia, Briceño Duvalier, Carmona Minor, Apu Edwin, Aragon Keiner, Umaña Cirilo, Perez Jose, Cordoba Ana, Umaña Pablo, Sihezar Gloria, Espinoza Osvaldo, Cano Carolina, Araya Elda, Garcia Dunia, Ramirez Harry, Pereira Manuel, Cortez Jose, Pereira Mariano, Medina Waldy, Hebert Paul D. N. What happens to the traditional taxonomy when a well-known tropical saturniid moth fauna is DNA barcoded? http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is12038. Invertebrate Systematics. 2012;26(6):478. doi: 10.1071/is12038. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  9. Karlsson Dave, Ronquist Fredrik. Skeletal Morphology of Opius dissitus and Biosteres carbonarius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a Discussion of Terminology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032573. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(4):e32573. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032573. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Mason W. R. M. The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm113115fv. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada. 1981;113(115):1–147. doi: 10.4039/entm113115fv. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  11. Ratnasingham Sujeevan, Hebert Paul D. N. BARCODING: bold: The Barcode of Life Data System ( http://www.barcodinglife.org) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x. Molecular Ecology Notes. 2007;7(3):355–364. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Smith M. A., Wood D. M., Janzen D. H., Hallwachs W., Hebert P. D. N. DNA barcodes affirm that 16 species of apparently generalist tropical parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) are not all generalists. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700050104. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007;104(12):4967–4972. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0700050104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Smith M. A., Woodley N. E., Janzen D. H., Hallwachs W., Hebert P. D. N. DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0511318103. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2006;103(10):3657–3662. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0511318103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Smith M. A., Rodriguez J. J., Whitfield J. B., Deans A. R., Janzen D. H., Hallwachs W., Hebert P. D. N. Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805319105. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008;105(34):12359–12364. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805319105. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Whitfield JB. Subfamily Microgastrinae. In: Wharton RA, Marsh PM, Sharkey MJ, editors. Manual of the New World genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). SpecialPublication No. 1. International Society of Hymenopterists; Washington, D.C.: 1997. 333–364 [Google Scholar]
  16. Whitfield James B., Rasmussen Claus, Arias-Penna Diana C. Review of the New World Genus Venanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae), With a New Key and Descriptions of Three New Reared Neotropical Species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 2011;104(6):1119–1127. doi: 10.1603/an10048. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary material 1

K2P tree with known sequences of described species of Venanus

Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014

Data type: DNA barcodes

Brief description: Neighbor-Joining (NJ – Saitou and Nei 1987) tree based on Kimura 2-parameter distances (K2P – Kimura 1980) of all described Venanus species with DNA barcodes available. Sequence data from the Barcode of Life Data Systems (http://www.boldsystems.org/). For every sequence the species name, specimen code, length of sequence (in base pairs), and country/province or country/state is shwon.

File: oo_33604.pdf

biodiversity_data_journal-2-e4167-s001.pdf (7.8KB, pdf)
XML Treatment for Venanus
BDJ.2.e4167-treatment1.xml (7.2KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Venanus johnnyrosalesi
BDJ.2.e4167-treatment2.xml (148.6KB, xml)
XML Treatment for Venanus randallgarciai
BDJ.2.e4167-treatment3.xml (14.1KB, xml)

Articles from Biodiversity Data Journal are provided here courtesy of Pensoft Publishers

RESOURCES