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. 2019 Dec 30;6(6):1291–1312. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12583

The difference in referencing in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar

Markus S Anker 1,2,3,4,✉, Sara Hadzibegovic 1,2,3,4, Alessia Lena 1,2,3,4, Wilhelm Haverkamp 1,3,4
PMCID: PMC6989289  PMID: 31886636

Abstract

Aims

How often a medical article is cited is important for many people because it is used to calculate different variables such as the h‐index and the journal impact factor. The aim of this analysis was to assess how the citation count varies between Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Google Scholar in the current literature.

Methods

We included the top 50 cited articles of four journals ESC Heart Failure; Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle; European Journal of Preventive Cardiology; and European Journal of Heart Failure in our analysis that were published between 1 January 2016 and 10 October 2019. We recorded the number of citations of these articles according to WoS, Scopus, and Google Scholar on 10 October 2019.

Results

The top 50 articles in ESC Heart Failure were on average cited 12 (WoS), 13 (Scopus), and 17 times (Google Scholar); in Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle 37 (WoS), 43 (Scopus), and 60 times (Google Scholar); in European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 41 (WoS), 56 (Scopus), and 67 times (Google Scholar); and in European Journal of Heart Failure 76 (WoS), 108 (Scopus), and 230 times (Google Scholar). On average, the top 50 articles in all four journals were cited 41 (WoS), 52 (Scopus, 26% higher citations count than WoS, range 8–42% in the different journals), and 93 times (Google Scholar, 116% higher citation count than WoS, range 42–203%).

Conclusion

Scopus and Google Scholar on average have a higher citation count than WoS, whereas the difference is much larger between Google Scholar and WoS.

Keywords: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar

1. Introduction

Scopus currently lists 38 060 different journals, with 320 journals publishing in the field of ‘Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine’.1 Many different scores worldwide try to rank journals with the help of different algorithms. The most important and renown score in Europe and the USA is the Thomson Scientific impact factor. Each summer, it is published for the previous year. For understanding the Thomson Scientific impact factor, one first has to comprehend how it is calculated. For example, the 2018 impact factor for any given journal was calculated by adding up all citations in 2018 referencing articles published in that journal in 2016 and 2017 and then dividing by the number of original articles and reviews published in 2016 and 2017 in that journal. For counting the number of citations, Thomson Scientific uses the Web of Science (WoS) database.2 But there are also other sources for citation information available (e.g. Scopus1 and Google Scholar3). Because we noticed that the number of citations for articles is often different in WoS, Scopus, and Google Scholar, we followed a structured approach to compare the number of citations and find possible differences.

2. Methods

We included four journals in our analyses that focus on different cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular research topics and have differing impact factors. We included two open access journals: the ‘ESC Heart Failure’ (ESC‐HF) and the ‘Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle’ (JCSM) and two standard subscription journals: the ‘European Journal of Heart Failure’ (EJHF) and the ‘European Journal of Preventive Cardiology’ (EJPC). Each of the journals has a different focus: ESC‐HF publishes basic, clinical, and translational research concerning heart failure; EJHF focuses on pathophysiologic research, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment development for cardiovascular diseases, with a main interest in heart failure; EJPC has the aim to share the latest knowledge on preventive and rehabilitative strategies of cardiovascular diseases; and JCSM is focused on better understanding the molecular background of wasting disorders with the purpose to improve the recognition and management of these diseases.

In order to get up‐to‐date numbers for our comparison, we considered the top 50 cited papers of the four journals according to WoS that were published between 1 January 2016 and 10 October 2019 (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4). For each of the 50 papers, we recorded the number of citations according to WoS, Scopus, and Google Scholar on 10 October 2019.

Table 1.

Top 50 of best cited articles published between 2016 until today in Eur J Prev Cardiol

Nr. First author Title Document type Times cited in Web of Science Times cited in Scopus Times cited in Google Scholar Reference
1 Kotseva K EUROASPIRE IV: A European Society of Cardiology survey on the lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management of coronary patients from 24 European countries Article 353 427 651 4
2 Eckel N Metabolically healthy obesity and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta‐analysis Review 76 76 96 5
3 Friis‐Møller N An updated prediction model of the global risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV‐positive persons: the data‐collection on adverse effects of anti‐HIV drugs (D:A:D) study Article 69 70 100 6
4 Kotseva K Lifestyle and risk factor management in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease. A report from the European Society of Cardiology European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events (EUROASPIRE) IV cross‐sectional survey in 14 European regions Article 66 78 98 13
5 Rauch B The prognostic effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the era of acute revascularisation and statin therapy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized and non‐randomized studies ‐ The Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS) Review 66 77 101 14
6 Price KJ A review of guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation exercise programmes: is there an international consensus? Review 61 67 108 15
7 Mont L https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27815537 Article 51 60 122 16
8 Vigorito C https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940954 Article 47 51 60 17
9 Bonaccio MF Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet and mortality in subjects with diabetes. Prospective results from the MOLI‐SANI study Article 45 51 65 18
10 Roeters van Lennep EJ Cardiovascular disease risk in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review and meta‐analysis Article 45 46 78 19
11 Cooney MT Cardiovascular risk estimation in older persons: SCORE O.P. Article 41 47 53 20
12 Hansen D The European Association of Preventive Cardiology Exercise Prescription in Everyday Practice and Rehabilitative Training (EXPERT) tool: a digital training and decision support system for optimized exercise prescription in cardiovascular disease. Concept, definitions and construction methodology Article 40 44 51 21
13 Chu P https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25510863 Review 38 45 103 22
14 Piepoli MF https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27600690 Review 37 40 84 23
15 Alharbi M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26907794 Article 35 40 67 24
16 D'Ascenzi F https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25990017 Review 35 37 44 25
17 Fukuta H https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25520380 Article 35 35 60 26
18 Hobbs FDR https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25701017 Article 34 37 47 27
19 Frederix I https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26289723 Article 33 39 47 28
20 Solberg EE https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26285770 Article 33 34 57 29
21 Groenewegen KA Vascular age to determine cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review of its concepts, definitions, and clinical applications Review 32 35 58 30
22 Sato T Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as prognostic indicators: comparisons among heart failure patients with reduced, mid‐range and preserved ejection fraction Article 31 37 32 31
23 Pedersen SS https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28618908 Article 31 29 35 32
24 Pallisgaard JL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26254188 Article 31 26 39 33
25 Uddin J Predictors of exercise capacity following exercise‐based rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease and heart failure: a meta‐regression analysis Article 30 35 44 34
26 Bohm P Data from a nationwide registry on sports‐related sudden cardiac deaths in Germany Article 30 36 63 35
27 Hall AJ Association between osteoarthritis and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta‐analysis Review 29 34 47 36
28 Frederix I Cardiac telerehabilitation: a novel cost‐efficient care delivery strategy that can induce long‐term health benefits Article 29 34 34 37
29 Heida KY Cardiovascular risk management after reproductive and pregnancy‐related disorders: a Dutch multidisciplinary evidence‐based guideline Review 29 33 53 38
30 Huang G Dose‐response relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness adaptation to controlled endurance training in sedentary older adults Review 29 28 49 39
31 Kraal JJ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28534417 Article 28 33 36 40
32 Taggar JS https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26464292 Review 28 33 48 41
33 Pfaeffli Dale L The effectiveness of mobile‐health behaviour change interventions for cardiovascular disease self‐management: A systematic review Review 27 29 67 42
34 Sandri M Chronic heart failure and aging–effects of exercise training on endothelial function and mechanisms of endothelial regeneration: results from the Leipzig Exercise Intervention in Chronic heart failure and Aging (LEICA) study Article 27 34 50 43
35 Kotseva K Determinants of participation and risk factor control according to attendance in cardiac rehabilitation programmes in coronary patients in Europe: EUROASPIRE IV survey Article 27 31 28 44
36 Gorenek Chair B https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27815538) Article 27 30 71 45
37 Coppetti T https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28464700 Article 26 32 35 46
38 Joshi PH Association of high‐density lipoprotein subclasses and incident coronary heart disease: the Jackson Heart and Framingham Offspring Cohort Studies Article 26 27 41 47
39 Pogosova N Psychosocial risk factors in relation to other cardiovascular risk factors in coronary heart disease: results from the EUROASPIRE IV survey. A registry from the European Society of Cardiology Article 26 26 34 48
40 Ruddox V https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28617620 Review 25 27 34 49
41 Tschentscher M High‐intensity interval training is not superior to other forms of endurance training during cardiac rehabilitation Article 25 25 45 50
42 Ekblom‐Bak E Isotemporal substitution of sedentary time by physical activity of different intensities and bout lengths, and its associations with metabolic risk Article 24 28 35 51
43 Maiorino Mi https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27798369 Article 24 25 29 52
44 Willeit P Inflammatory markers and extent and progression of early atherosclerosis: meta‐analysis of individual‐participant‐data from 20 prospective studies of the PROG‐IMT collaboration Article 23 29 52 53
45 Stefler D https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25903971 Article 23 28 34 54
46 Ribeiro G Cardiac rehabilitation programme after transcatheter aortic valve implantation versus surgical aortic valve replacement: systematic review and meta‐analysis Review 23 27 28 55
47 Kozela M The association of depressive symptoms with cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality in Central and Eastern Europe: prospective results of the HAPIEE study Article 23 26 33 56
48 Auer J https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230981? Article 23 26 40 57
49 Heida KY Cardiovascular disease risk in women with a history of spontaneous preterm delivery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis Review 23 24 36 58
50 Shi Y https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28925280? Letter 23 22 26 59
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Table 2.

Top 50 of best cited articles published between 2016 until today in J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle

Nr. First author Title Document type Times cited in Web of Science Times cited in Scopus Times cited in Google Scholar Reference
1 von Haehling S Ethical guidelines for publishing in the journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle: update 2017 Editorial Material 113 168 178 60
2 Malmstrom T SARC‐F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes Article 104 111 170 61
3 Montano‐Loza A Sarcopenic obesity and myosteatosis are associated with higher mortality in patients with cirrhosis Article 80 90 125 62
4 Anker SD Welcome to the ICD‐10 code for sarcopenia Editorial Material 73 88 150 63
5 Brown JC Sarcopenia and mortality among a population‐based sample of community‐dwelling older adult Article 66 71 100 64
6 Kalafateli M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27239424 Article 53 61 89 65
7 von Haehling S Prevalence and clinical impact of cachexia in chronic illness in Europe, USA, and Japan: facts and numbers update 2016 Editorial Material 52 55 87 66
8 Rutten IJ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27030813. Article 52 63 71 67
9 Tyrovolas S https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27239412 Article 51 59 80 68
10 Buckinx F Pitfalls in the measurement of muscle mass: a need for a reference standard Article 46 54 73 69
11 Solheim TS https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28614627 Article 44 50 70 70
12 Stewart Coats AJ Espindolol for the treatment and prevention of cachexia in patients with stage III/IV non‐small cell lung cancer or colorectal cancer: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, international multicentre phase II study (the ACT‐ONE trial) Article 44 60 62 71
13 Loncar G Cardiac cachexia: hic et nunc Review 42 43 56 72
14 van Dijk DP Low skeletal muscle radiation attenuation and visceral adiposity are associated with overall survival and surgical site infections in patients with pancreatic cancer Article 41 48 58 73
15 Leong DP Reference ranges of handgrip strength from 125,462 healthy adults in 21 countries: a prospective urban rural epidemiologic (PURE) study Article 41 49 71 74
16 Sanders KJ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27066314 Review 39 38 60 75
17 Boengler K Mitochondria and ageing: role in heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue Review 36 38 57 76
18 Rutten IJG Psoas muscle area is not representative of total skeletal muscle area in the assessment of sarcopenia in ovarian cancer Article 31 41 49 77
19 Snijders T Muscle fibre capillarization is a critical factor in muscle fibre hypertrophy during resistance exercise training in older men Article 30 37 49 78
20 Holeček M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28493406 Review 30 34 62 79
21 Barbosa‐Silva T Prevalence of sarcopenia among community‐dwelling elderly of a medium‐sized South American city: results of the COMO VAI? study Article 30 38 74 80
22 Foong YC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27239404 Article 30 31 41 81
23 Sente T Adiponectin resistance in skeletal muscle: pathophysiological implications in chronic heart failure Review 30 31 46 82
24 van Vugt JL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27897414 Article 29 36 47 83
25 Mochamat https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27897391 Review 29 31 42 84
26 Sakuma K p62/SQSTM1 but not LC3 is accumulated in sarcopenic muscle of mice Article 29 32 42 85
27 Batista ML Jr https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27066317 Article 29 31 43 86
28 Morley JE Anorexia of ageing: a key component in the pathogenesis of both sarcopenia and cachexia Editorial Material 28 26 38 87
29 Nijholt W The reliability and validity of ultrasound to quantify muscles in older adults: a systematic review Review 28 36 53 88
30 Brown JL Mitochondrial degeneration precedes the development of muscle atrophy in progression of cancer cachexia in tumour‐bearing mice Article 27 26 41 89
31 Martone AM The incidence of sarcopenia among hospitalized older patients: results from the Glisten study Article 26 27 37 90
32 St‐Jean‐Pelletier F https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27897402 Article 26 28 41 91
33 Nederveen JP https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27239425 Article 26 32 41 92
34 Girón MD https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27065075 Article 26 27 34 93
35 de Vries NM https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27239405 Article 26 29 42 94
36 Pinto CL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27239423 Article 26 24 44 95
37 Nishikawa H https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28627027 Article 25 26 44 96
38 Lipina C Lipid modulation of skeletal muscle mass and function Review 25 29 34 97
39 Klassen O https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27896952 Article 25 26 41 98
40 Sahebkar A Curcumin: an effective adjunct in patients with statin‐associated muscle symptoms? Review 25 27 36 99
41 Patel MS Growth differentiation factor‐15 is associated with muscle mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and promotes muscle wasting in vivo Article 25 28 40 100
42 Lewis A Increased expression of H19/miR‐675 is associated with a low fat‐free mass index in patients with COPD Article 25 30 41 101
43 Go SI Prognostic impact of sarcopenia in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone Article 25 28 34 102
44 Banach M Discussion around statin discontinuation in older adults and patients with wasting diseases Editorial Material 25 28 39 103
45 Tieland M Skeletal muscle performance and ageing Review 24 26 62 104
46 Dos Santos L Sarcopenia and physical independence in older adults: the independent and synergic role of muscle mass and muscle function Article 24 31 46 105
47 Lerner L MAP 3K11/GDF15 axis is a critical driver of cancer cachexia Article 24 27 33 106
48 Penna F Effect of the specific proteasome inhibitor bortezomib on cancer‐related muscle wasting Article 24 26 37 107
49 Gonzalez MC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28145079? Editorial Material 23 27 40 108
50 van de Bool C https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28608438 Article 23 26 42 109
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Table 3.

Top 50 of best cited articles published between 2016 until today in Eur J Heart Fail

Nr. First author Title Document type Times cited in Web of Science Times cited in Scopus Times cited in Google Scholar Reference
1 Ponikowski P https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207191 Article 751 1980 7001 110
2 Lyon AR https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26548803 Review 276 291 431 111
3 Crespo‐Leiro MG https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27324686 Article 124 143 170 112
4 Harjola VP https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26995592 Article 110 131 206 113
5 van Riet EE https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26727047 Review 108 125 224 114
6 Jorsal A https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27790809 Article 91 100 121 115
7 Ter Maaten JM https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26861140 Review 87 93 111 116
8 Jankowska EA https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26821594 Review 84 110 148 117
9 Pappalardo F https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27709750 Article 83 84 113 118
10 Chioncel O https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28386917 Article 83 114 159 119
11 Komajda M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462519 Article 78 57 59 120
12 Vegter EL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26869172 Review 78 85 104 121
13 Stiermaier T https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26990821 Article 72 78 101 122
14 Vidán MT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27072307 Article 66 77 64 123
15 Triposkiadis F https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358242 Review 64 71 101 124
16 Tsuji K https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28370829 Article 63 79 107 125
17 Gyöngyösi M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28157267 Review 61 63 84 126
18 Seferović PM https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29520964 Article 60 82 101 127
19 Zamorano JL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27565769) Article 58 71 92 128
20 Ovchinnikova ES https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345695 Article 58 66 67 129
21 Schmidt M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868921 Article 57 68 77 130
22 Butler J https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28836359 Review 56 60 76 131
23 Senni M Initiating sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) in heart failure: results of TITRATION, a double‐blind, randomized comparison of two uptitration regimens Article 54 61 90 132
24 Christ M Heart failure epidemiology 2000‐2013: insights from the German Federal Health Monitoring System Article 54 59 67 133
25 Vardeny O https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27283779 Article 54 53 67 134
26 Gustafsson F https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28198133 Review 53 60 78 135
27 Teerlink J Serelaxin in addition to standard therapy in acute heart failure: rationale and design of the RELAX‐AHF‐2 study Article 53 58 72 136
28 Komajda M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27095461 Article 53 60 74 137
29 Bauersachs J https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27338866 Article 52 62 85 138
30 Thorvaldsen T https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26869252 Article 50 57 64 139
31 Unger ED https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26635076 Article 48 49 66 140
32 Chioncel O Clinical phenotypes and outcome of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: the ESC Heart Failure Long‐Term Registry Article 47 57 72 141
33 Fitchett D https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27653447 Review 45 51 63 142
34 Aschauer S https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26449727 Article 45 51 62 143
35 Anker SD Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron‐deficient heart failure patients: an individual patient data meta‐analysis Article 44 56 89 144
36 Sliwa K https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28271625 Article 43 49 74 145
37 Maggioni AP https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26754527 Article 43 52 68 146
38 Chan MM https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497848 Article 42 49 73 147
39 Mann DL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555602 Article 42 54 62 148
40 Gorter TM https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27650220 Review 42 49 61 149
41 Jansweijer JA https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27813223 Article 41 39 54 150
42 Targher G https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27790816 Article 41 45 43 151
43 Marques FZ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27072074 Article 41 56 64 152
44 Harjola VP https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28560717) Review 40 44 58 153
45 Ghio S https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27860029 Article 40 46 57 154
46 Demissei BG https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26634889 Article 40 40 46 155
47 Meani P https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28470925 Article 39 45 53 156
48 Pearse SG https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26869027 Review 39 43 54 157
49 Meijers WC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27766733 Article 38 39 49 158
50 Voors AA A systems BIOlogy Study to TAilored Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of BIOSTAT‐CHF Article 38 38 54 159
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Table 4.

Top 50 of best cited articles published between 2016 until today in ESC Heart Fail

Nr. First author Title Document type Times cited in Web of Science Times cited in Scopus Times cited in Google Scholar Reference
1 Jujo K https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27818782 Article 33 37 43 160
2 Springer J https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29154428 Review 32 38 46 161
3 Konishi M Heart failure epidemiology and novel treatments in Japan: facts and numbers Editorial Material 25 26 36 162
4 Luedde M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28772054 Article 24 27 34 163
5 Nagarajan V https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27867523 Review 21 23 37 164
6 Saitoh M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960880) Article 19 19 19 165
7 Riley JP https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28451443 Editorial Material 18 21 27 166
8 Sotiropoulos K https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27818784 Article 17 18 23 167
9 Arrigo M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27812386 Article 16 17 27 168
10 Núñez J https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27867532 Article 16 18 21 169
11 Delepaul B https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28451445? Article 15 17 20 170
12 Hayashi T https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27818781 Article 14 15 24 171
13 Barkhudaryan A https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29154433 Article 13 13 17 172
14 Pascual‐Figal D https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29239515 Article 12 14 18 173
15 Sato A Associations of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors with mortality in hospitalized heart failure patients with diabetes mellitus Article 12 12 11 174
16 Martens P https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29464879 Article 11 11 16 175
17 Seropian IM https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28758719 Article 11 12 16 176
18 Lauritsen J https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29660263 Review 10 10 11 177
19 Cohen‐Solal A Beta blocker dose and markers of sympathetic activation in heart failure patients: interrelationships and prognostic significance Article 10 13 13 178
20 Jain A The renal‐cardiac connection in subjects with preserved ejection fraction: a population based study Article 10 9 12 179
21 Toma M Differentiating heart failure phenotypes using sex‐specific transcriptomic and proteomic biomarker panels Article 10 10 12 180
22 Morishita T https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28772055 Article 10 13 17 181
23 Alma LJ Shared biomarkers between female diastolic heart failure and pre‐eclampsia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis Review 10 13 16 182
24 Amina A On admission serum sodium and uric acid levels predict 30 day rehospitalization or death in patients with acute decompensated heart failure Article 10 9 13 183
25 Yoshihisa A https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27867527 Article 10 10 11 184
26 Mustroph J https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30117720 Article 9 8 9 185
27 Khan MS Renin‐angiotensin blockade in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta‐analysis Review 9 11 14 186
28 Theidel U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28772041 Article 9 13 13 187
29 Möckel M https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28772049 Review 9 9 13 188
30 Searle J https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27818780 Editorial Material 9 8 15 189
31 Aleksova N https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27867525 Article 9 10 11 190
32 Hoshida S https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27867528 Article 9 9 12 191
33 Porto CM https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28817241 Article 8 7 16 192
34 Pappalardo F https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29465166 Article 8 7 14 193
35 Buckley LF https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29345112 Article 8 6 10 194
36 Öhman J https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28960894 Article 8 9 10 195
37 Smedema JP https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28967698 Article 8 9 12 196
38 Jaarsma T https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28217306 Editorial Material 8 9 12 197
39 Keene D https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29984912 Article 7 8 11 198
40 Pitt B Evaluation of an individualized dose titration regimen of patiromer to prevent hyperkalaemia in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease Article 7 13 12 199
41 Ferreira JP https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28988439 Article 7 8 12 200
42 Norberg H https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29345425 Article 7 8 10 201
43 Shirakabe A https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29388735 Article 7 8 10 202
44 Lavall D https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29676043 Review 7 8 14 203
45 Cattadori G https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29235244 Review 7 10 19 204
46 Ancion A https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28451450 Article 7 12 14 205
47 Lancellotti P https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28772051 Article 7 9 7 206
48 Peled Y The impact of gender mismatching on early and late outcomes following heart transplantation Article 7 6 10 207
49 Ahmed MB https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27668089 Article 7 7 9 208
50 Thomsen MM https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27867524 Review 7 7 13 209
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3. Results

Each of the journals has a different impact factor ranging between 3.407 and 12.129. The change of the impact factors over the last years (2008–18) are shown Figure 1. ESC‐HF was founded in 2014 and received its first impact factor in 2018 (3.407), whereas there are no previous impact factors to compare with. EJPC has received its first impact factor in 2011 (2.634) and, since then, steadily increased to 5.640 in 2018. EJHF has been publishing papers since 1999. Since 2008, its impact factor has steadily risen until 3 years ago when it rapidly increased from 5.135 (2015) to 12.129 (2018). JCSM received its first impact factor of 7.413 in 2013 and it increased in the following years to currently 10.754 (2018).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Impact factor of EJHF, ESC‐HF, EJPC, and JCSM between 2008 and 2018. EJHF, European Journal of Heart Failure; EJPC, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology; ESC‐HF, ESC Heart Failure; JCSM, Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle.

The precise number of citations according to WoS, Scopus, and Google Scholar are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4. The top 50 articles in ESC‐HF were on average cited 12 (WoS), 13 (Scopus), and 17 times (Google Scholar); in JCSM 37 (WoS), 43 (Scopus), and 60 times (Google Scholar); in EJPC 41 (WoS), 56 (Scopus), and 67 times (Google Scholar); and in EJHF 76 (WoS), 108 (Scopus), and 230 times (Google Scholar). On average, the top 50 cited articles in all four journals were cited 41 (WoS), 52 (Scopus, 26% higher citations count than WoS, range 8–42% in the different journals), and 93 times (Google Scholar, 116% higher citation count than WoS, range 42–203% in the different journals, Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Average number of citations from 01/2016 to 10/2019 of the top 50 cited papers in EJHF, ESC‐HF, EJPC, and JCSM. EJHF, European Journal of Heart Failure; EJPC, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology; ESC‐HF, ESC Heart Failure; JCSM, Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle.

4. Discussion

We have shown here that Scopus and Google Scholar on average have a higher citation count than WoS, whereas the difference is much larger between Google Scholar and WoS. Another systematic comparison of Google Scholar, Scopus, and WoS found that Google Scholar identified >90% of the citations listed in Scopus and WoS. Of the additional citations that Google Scholar identified, about 50% came from non‐journal sources: conference papers, books, theses, and unpublished materials.7 While WoS and Scopus predominantly used English literature for their citation count (>90%),8 Google Scholar also frequently used non‐English literature for their citation count (up to 40% of citations).7 Therefore, if one wants to find all possible citations of an article, this can only be achieved by combining all three databases.9 Adriaanse et al. have shown that WoS and Scopus did not count duplicates of papers, while Google Scholar sometimes counted one paper multiple times—additionally explaining why the citation count in Google Scholar is much higher.10

Looking at the three analysed journals publishing in the field of cardiovascular research, one can notice a volume effect regarding the ratio between Google Scholar/WoS. The citation count in ESC‐HF (average eight citations per article in WoS) is 42% higher for Google Scholar; in EJPC (average 41 citations per article in WoS), the citation count is 63% higher; and in EJHF (average 76 citations per article in WoS), the citation count is 203% higher. We think that one of the main reasons for this is that very frequently cited articles are read in many parts of the world and then are also often cited in non‐English speaking literature and non‐journal sources. Such citations can be found more often in Google Scholar.7 For example, the ‘2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure’ by Ponikowski et al.110 have received 751 citations in WoS, but 7001 citations (+832%) in Google Scholar so far.

Regarding the 26% higher citation count in Scopus compared with WoS, we think that this might be due to the fact that Scopus has a wider database of journals than WoS (20 000 vs. 14 000 journals11), and therefore, Scopus has access to more possible citations. Still, it is important to acknowledge that Harzing et al.12 demostrated that even though all three databases use different algorithms, each citation count shows a stable and consistent growth over time.

Conflict of interest

None declared.

Anker, M. S. , Hadzibegovic, S. , Lena, A. , and Haverkamp, W. (2019) The difference in referencing in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar . ESC Heart Failure, 6: 1291–1312. 10.1002/ehf2.12583.

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