Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Bacteriology logoLink to Journal of Bacteriology
. 1989 Mar;171(3):1379–1385. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.3.1379-1385.1989

The groES and groEL heat shock gene products of Escherichia coli are essential for bacterial growth at all temperatures.

O Fayet 1, T Ziegelhoffer 1, C Georgopoulos 1
PMCID: PMC209756  PMID: 2563997

Abstract

The products of the groES and groEL genes of Escherichia coli, constituting the groE operon, are known to be required for growth at high temperature (42 degrees C) and are members of the heat shock regulon. Using a genetic approach, we examined the requirement for these gene products for bacterial growth at low temperature (17 to 30 degrees C). To do this, we constructed various groES groEL heterodiploid derivative strains. By inactivating one of the groE operons by a polar insertion, it was shown by bacteriophage P1 transduction that at least one of the groE genes was essential for growth at low temperature. Further P1 transduction experiments with strains that were heterodiploid for only one of the groE genes demonstrated that both groE gene products were required for growth at low temperature, which suggested a fundamental role for the groE proteins in E. coli growth and physiology.

Full text

PDF
1384

Images in this article

1384Image
on p.1384

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bachmann B. J. Linkage map of Escherichia coli K-12, edition 7. Microbiol Rev. 1983 Jun;47(2):180–230. doi: 10.1128/mr.47.2.180-230.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Burnette W. N. "Western blotting": electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A. Anal Biochem. 1981 Apr;112(2):195–203. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90281-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cowing D. W., Bardwell J. C., Craig E. A., Woolford C., Hendrix R. W., Gross C. A. Consensus sequence for Escherichia coli heat shock gene promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):2679–2683. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.2679. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Fayet O., Louarn J. M., Georgopoulos C. Suppression of the Escherichia coli dnaA46 mutation by amplification of the groES and groEL genes. Mol Gen Genet. 1986 Mar;202(3):435–445. doi: 10.1007/BF00333274. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Friedman D. I., Olson E. R., Georgopoulos C., Tilly K., Herskowitz I., Banuett F. Interactions of bacteriophage and host macromolecules in the growth of bacteriophage lambda. Microbiol Rev. 1984 Dec;48(4):299–325. doi: 10.1128/mr.48.4.299-325.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Georgopoulos C. P., Eisen H. Bacterial mutants which block phage assembly. J Supramol Struct. 1974;2(2-4):349–359. doi: 10.1002/jss.400020224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Georgopoulos C. P., Hendrix R. W., Casjens S. R., Kaiser A. D. Host participation in bacteriophage lambda head assembly. J Mol Biol. 1973 May 5;76(1):45–60. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90080-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Georgopoulos C. P., Hendrix R. W., Kaiser A. D., Wood W. B. Role of the host cell in bacteriophage morphogenesis: effects of a bacterial mutation on T4 head assembly. Nat New Biol. 1972 Sep 13;239(89):38–41. doi: 10.1038/newbio239038a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Grossman A. D., Erickson J. W., Gross C. A. The htpR gene product of E. coli is a sigma factor for heat-shock promoters. Cell. 1984 Sep;38(2):383–390. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90493-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hawkes R., Niday E., Gordon J. A dot-immunobinding assay for monoclonal and other antibodies. Anal Biochem. 1982 Jan 1;119(1):142–147. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90677-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hemmingsen S. M., Woolford C., van der Vies S. M., Tilly K., Dennis D. T., Georgopoulos C. P., Hendrix R. W., Ellis R. J. Homologous plant and bacterial proteins chaperone oligomeric protein assembly. Nature. 1988 May 26;333(6171):330–334. doi: 10.1038/333330a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Ish-Horowicz D., Burke J. F. Rapid and efficient cosmid cloning. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Jul 10;9(13):2989–2998. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.13.2989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Jasin M., Schimmel P. Deletion of an essential gene in Escherichia coli by site-specific recombination with linear DNA fragments. J Bacteriol. 1984 Aug;159(2):783–786. doi: 10.1128/jb.159.2.783-786.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Jenkins A. J., March J. B., Oliver I. R., Masters M. A DNA fragment containing the groE genes can suppress mutations in the Escherichia coli dnaA gene. Mol Gen Genet. 1986 Mar;202(3):446–454. doi: 10.1007/BF00333275. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Joyce C. M., Grindley N. D. Method for determining whether a gene of Escherichia coli is essential: application to the polA gene. J Bacteriol. 1984 May;158(2):636–643. doi: 10.1128/jb.158.2.636-643.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kanaya S., Crouch R. J. The rnh gene is essential for growth of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jun;81(11):3447–3451. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.11.3447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kochan J., Carrascosa J. L., Murialdo H. Bacteriophage lambda preconnectors. Purification and structure. J Mol Biol. 1984 Apr 15;174(3):433–447. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90330-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kochan J., Murialdo H. Early intermediates in bacteriophage lambda prohead assembly. II. Identification of biologically active intermediates. Virology. 1983 Nov;131(1):100–115. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90537-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kusukawa N., Yura T. Heat shock protein GroE of Escherichia coli: key protective roles against thermal stress. Genes Dev. 1988 Jul;2(7):874–882. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.7.874. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Maurizi M. R., Trisler P., Gottesman S. Insertional mutagenesis of the lon gene in Escherichia coli: lon is dispensable. J Bacteriol. 1985 Dec;164(3):1124–1135. doi: 10.1128/jb.164.3.1124-1135.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. McMullin T. W., Hallberg R. L. A highly evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial protein is structurally related to the protein encoded by the Escherichia coli groEL gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jan;8(1):371–380. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.371. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. McMullin T. W., Hallberg R. L. A normal mitochondrial protein is selectively synthesized and accumulated during heat shock in Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Dec;7(12):4414–4423. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.12.4414. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Neidhardt F. C., VanBogelen R. A., Vaughn V. The genetics and regulation of heat-shock proteins. Annu Rev Genet. 1984;18:295–329. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.18.120184.001455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Paek K. H., Walker G. C. Escherichia coli dnaK null mutants are inviable at high temperature. J Bacteriol. 1987 Jan;169(1):283–290. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.1.283-290.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Prentki P., Krisch H. M. In vitro insertional mutagenesis with a selectable DNA fragment. Gene. 1984 Sep;29(3):303–313. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90059-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Revel H. R., Stitt B. L., Lielausis I., Wood W. B. Role of the host cell in bacteriophage T4 development. I. Characterization of host mutants that block T4 head assembly. J Virol. 1980 Jan;33(1):366–376. doi: 10.1128/jvi.33.1.366-376.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ruben S. M., VanDenBrink-Webb S. E., Rein D. C., Meyer R. R. Suppression of the Escherichia coli ssb-1 mutation by an allele of groEL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(11):3767–3771. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.11.3767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Russel M., Model P. Replacement of the fip gene of Escherichia coli by an inactive gene cloned on a plasmid. J Bacteriol. 1984 Sep;159(3):1034–1039. doi: 10.1128/jb.159.3.1034-1039.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Takano T., Kakefuda T. Involvement of a bacterial factor in morphogenesis of bacteriophage capsid. Nat New Biol. 1972 Sep 13;239(89):34–37. doi: 10.1038/newbio239034a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Tilly K., Murialdo H., Georgopoulos C. Identification of a second Escherichia coli groE gene whose product is necessary for bacteriophage morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Mar;78(3):1629–1633. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1629. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. VanBogelen R. A., Vaughn V., Neidhardt F. C. Gene for heat-inducible lysyl-tRNA synthetase (lysU) maps near cadA in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1983 Feb;153(2):1066–1068. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.2.1066-1068.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Wada M., Fujita H., Itikawa H. Genetic suppression of a temperature-sensitive groES mutation by an altered subunit of RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol. 1987 Mar;169(3):1102–1106. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.3.1102-1106.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Wada M., Itikawa H. Participation of Escherichia coli K-12 groE gene products in the synthesis of cellular DNA and RNA. J Bacteriol. 1984 Feb;157(2):694–696. doi: 10.1128/jb.157.2.694-696.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Way J. C., Davis M. A., Morisato D., Roberts D. E., Kleckner N. New Tn10 derivatives for transposon mutagenesis and for construction of lacZ operon fusions by transposition. Gene. 1984 Dec;32(3):369–379. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90012-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Yura T., Tobe T., Ito K., Osawa T. Heat shock regulatory gene (htpR) of Escherichia coli is required for growth at high temperature but is dispensable at low temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Nov;81(21):6803–6807. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.21.6803. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Zhou Y. N., Kusukawa N., Erickson J. W., Gross C. A., Yura T. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli mutants that lack the heat shock sigma factor sigma 32. J Bacteriol. 1988 Aug;170(8):3640–3649. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.8.3640-3649.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Zweig M., Cummings D. J. Cleavage of head and tail proteins during bacteriophage T5 assembly: selective host involvement in the cleavage of a tail protein. J Mol Biol. 1973 Nov 5;80(3):505–518. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90418-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Bacteriology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES